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Exploring the function of genetic variants in the non-coding genomic regions: approaches for identifying human regulatory variants affecting gene expression

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TLDR
In this article, the authors systematically review an array of methods currently used to map RVs as well as the computational approaches in annotating and interpreting their regulatory effects, with emphasis on regulatory single-nucleotide polymorphism.
Abstract
Understanding the genetic basis of human traits/diseases and the underlying mechanisms of how these traits/diseases are affected by genetic variations is critical for public health. Current genome-wide functional genomics data uncovered a large number of functional elements in the noncoding regions of human genome, providing new opportunities to study regulatory variants (RVs). RVs play important roles in transcription factor bindings, chromatin states and epigenetic modifications. Here, we systematically review an array of methods currently used to map RVs as well as the computational approaches in annotating and interpreting their regulatory effects, with emphasis on regulatory single-nucleotide polymorphism. We also briefly introduce experimental methods to validate these functional RVs.

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GWASdb v2: an update database for human genetic variants identified by genome-wide association studies

TL;DR: The GWASdb v2 as discussed by the authors provides comprehensive data curation and knowledge integration for GWAS TASs, which provides comprehensive function annotation for each TAS by incorporating gene-based information, ENCODE ChIP-seq assays, eQTL, population haplotype, functional prediction across multiple biological domains, evolutionary signals and disease-related annotation.
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Identification of altered cis-regulatory elements in human disease.

TL;DR: The current state of computational tools and resources for identifying the genomic regulatory components (cis-regulatory regions and TF binding sites, TFBSs) controlling gene transcriptional regulation are presented and how such approaches can be used to interpret the potential disease causality of point mutations and small insertions or deletions are reviewed.
Journal ArticleDOI

GWAS4D: multidimensional analysis of context-specific regulatory variant for human complex diseases and traits.

TL;DR: Using a GWAS fine-mapped set for 161 coronary artery disease risk loci, it is demonstrated that GWAS4D is able to efficiently prioritize disease-causal regulatory variants.
Journal ArticleDOI

QTLbase: an integrative resource for quantitative trait loci across multiple human molecular phenotypes.

TL;DR: QTLbase provides a one-stop shop for QTL retrieval and comparison across multiple tissues and multiple layers of molecular complexity, and will greatly help researchers interrogate the biological mechanism of causal variants and guide the direction of functional validation.
Journal ArticleDOI

Disease-associated variants in different categories of disease located in distinct regulatory elements

TL;DR: Disease-associated variants in different disease categories are preferentially located in particular regulatory elements, and regulatory regions are located within over 50% coding exon regions.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

PLINK: A Tool Set for Whole-Genome Association and Population-Based Linkage Analyses

TL;DR: This work introduces PLINK, an open-source C/C++ WGAS tool set, and describes the five main domains of function: data management, summary statistics, population stratification, association analysis, and identity-by-descent estimation, which focuses on the estimation and use of identity- by-state and identity/descent information in the context of population-based whole-genome studies.
Journal ArticleDOI

An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome

TL;DR: The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements project provides new insights into the organization and regulation of the authors' genes and genome, and is an expansive resource of functional annotations for biomedical research.
Journal ArticleDOI

Multiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/Cas Systems

TL;DR: The type II prokaryotic CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas adaptive immune system has been shown to facilitate RNA-guided site-specific DNA cleavage as discussed by the authors.

Multiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/Cas Systems

TL;DR: Two different type II CRISPR/Cas systems are engineered and it is demonstrated that Cas9 nucleases can be directed by short RNAs to induce precise cleavage at endogenous genomic loci in human and mouse cells, demonstrating easy programmability and wide applicability of the RNA-guided nuclease technology.
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