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Open AccessJournal ArticleDOI

Exposure to Drinking Water Trihalomethanes and Their Association with Low Birth Weight and Small for Gestational Age in Genetically Susceptible Women

TLDR
It is suggested that THM internal dose may affect foetal growth and that maternal GSTM1 genotype modifies the THM exposure effects on LBW.
Abstract
Little is known about genetic susceptibility to individual trihalomethanes (THM) in relation to adverse pregnancy outcomes. We conducted a nested case-control study of 682 pregnant women in Kaunas (Lithuania) and, using individual information on drinking water, ingestion, showering and bathing, and uptake factors of THMs in blood, estimated an internal THM dose. We used logistic regression to evaluate the relationship between internal THM dose, birth outcomes and individual and joint (modifying) effects of metabolic gene polymorphisms. THM exposure during entire pregnancy and specific trimesters slightly increased low birth weight (LBW) risk. When considering both THM exposure and maternal genotypes, the largest associations were found for third trimester among total THM (TTHM) and chloroform-exposed women with the GSTM1–0 genotype (OR: 4.37; 95% CI: 1.36–14.08 and OR: 5.06; 95% CI: 1.50–17.05, respectively). A test of interaction between internal THM dose and GSTM1–0 genotype suggested a modifying effect of exposure to chloroform and bromodichloromethane on LBW risk. However, the effect on small for gestational age (SGA) was not statistically significant. These data suggest that THM internal dose may affect foetal growth and that maternal GSTM1 genotype modifies the THM exposure effects on LBW.

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Journal ArticleDOI

Maternal cigarette smoking, metabolic gene polymorphism, and infant birth weight

TL;DR: Maternal genotypes for enzymes participating in metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons alter the association between cigarette smoking and birth weight, and this finding raises the question of whether metabolic genes interact with smoking.
Journal ArticleDOI

Birth Weight, Ethnicity, and Exposure to Trihalomethanes and Haloacetic Acids in Drinking Water during Pregnancy in the Born in Bradford Cohort.

TL;DR: The findings demonstrate associations between THM, but not HAA, exposure during pregnancy and reduced birth weight, but suggest this differs by ethnicity, and suggest that THMs are not acting as a proxy for HAAs, or vice-versa.
Journal ArticleDOI

Total organic halogen (TOX) in human urine: A halogen-specific method for human exposure studies

TL;DR: A new comprehensive bioanalytical method has been developed that can quantify mixtures of organic halogenated compounds, including DBPs, in human urine as total organic chlorine (TOCl), total organic bromine (TOBr), and total organic iodine (TOI).
Journal ArticleDOI

Association Between Trihalomethane Concentrations in Drinking Water and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome in Taiwan

Chun-Yuh Yang, +1 more
- 01 Nov 2009 - 
TL;DR: The study results provide no evidence of an increased risk of TLBW, SGA, and preterm delivery at the relatively low concentrations of TTHMs in Taiwan's drinking water.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Drinking Water Contaminants, Gene Polymorphisms, and Fetal Growth

TL;DR: Exposure to trihalomethanes at the highest levels can affect fetal growth but only in genetically susceptible newborns, according to Canadian standards.
Journal ArticleDOI

Association between trihalomethane concentrations in drinking water and adverse pregnancy outcome in Taiwan.

TL;DR: The study results provide no evidence of an increased risk of TLBW, SGA, and preterm delivery at the relatively low concentrations of TTHMs in Taiwan's drinking water.
Journal ArticleDOI

Adverse Birth Outcomes Associated with Maternal Smoking and Polymorphisms in the N-Nitrosamine-Metabolizing Enzyme Genes NQO1 and CYP2E1

TL;DR: The adverse effects of maternal smoking on infant birth size may be modified by maternal genetic polymorphisms in N-nitrosamine-metabolizing enzymes among Japanese subjects, which may help in directing smoking cessation interventions during pregnancy.
Journal Article

GSTT1 and CYP2E1 Polymorphisms and Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water: Effect on Childhood Leukemia. (Children's Health Articles)

TL;DR: The present preliminary study shows suggestive but imprecise results, underscoring the need for other studies as well as the potential usefulness of combining exposure and relevant genetic information in such studies.
Journal ArticleDOI

Foetal growth and duration of gestation relative to water chlorination

TL;DR: The present study did not provide evidence that prenatal exposure to chlorination byproducts at the relatively low concentrations encountered in Norwegian drinking water increases the risk of the studied outcomes.
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