Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4
TLDR
In this article, a model is described in an lmer call by a formula, in this case including both fixed-and random-effects terms, and the formula and data together determine a numerical representation of the model from which the profiled deviance or the profeatured REML criterion can be evaluated as a function of some of model parameters.Abstract:
Maximum likelihood or restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimates of the parameters in linear mixed-effects models can be determined using the lmer function in the lme4 package for R. As for most model-fitting functions in R, the model is described in an lmer call by a formula, in this case including both fixed- and random-effects terms. The formula and data together determine a numerical representation of the model from which the profiled deviance or the profiled REML criterion can be evaluated as a function of some of the model parameters. The appropriate criterion is optimized, using one of the constrained optimization functions in R, to provide the parameter estimates. We describe the structure of the model, the steps in evaluating the profiled deviance or REML criterion, and the structure of classes or types that represents such a model. Sufficient detail is included to allow specialization of these structures by users who wish to write functions to fit specialized linear mixed models, such as models incorporating pedigrees or smoothing splines, that are not easily expressible in the formula language used by lmer.read more
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Short-term effects of physical activity, air pollution and their interaction on the cardiovascular and respiratory system.
Michelle Laeremans,Michelle Laeremans,Evi Dons,Evi Dons,Ione Avila-Palencia,Glòria Carrasco-Turigas,Juan Pablo Orjuela,Esther Anaya,Tom Cole-Hunter,Audrey de Nazelle,Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen,Arnout Standaert,Martine Van Poppel,Patrick De Boever,Patrick De Boever,Luc Int Panis,Luc Int Panis +16 more
TL;DR: The results on the separate and combined effects of short-term PA and AP exposure on subclinical markers of the cardiorespiratory system are relevant for public health and provide insights on the physiological responses of multiple, complementary markers.
Journal ArticleDOI
Predator exposure improves anti‐predator responses in a threatened mammal
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that controlled levels of in situ predator exposure can increase wariness in the behaviour of naive prey, providing support for the hypothesis that in situ predators exposure could be used as a method to improve the anti-predator responses of predator-naive threatened species populations.
Journal ArticleDOI
Coordination of Slow Waves With Sleep Spindles Predicts Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation in Schizophrenia.
Charmaine Demanuele,Ullrich Bartsch,Ullrich Bartsch,Bengi Baran,Sheraz Khan,Mark Vangel,Roy Cox,Roy Cox,Matti Hämäläinen,Matt Jones,Robert Stickgold,Robert Stickgold,Dara S. Manoach +12 more
TL;DR: Schizophrenia patients show intact spindle-SW temporal coordination, and these timing relationships, together with spindle density, predict sleep-dependent memory consolidation.
Journal ArticleDOI
Habitat availability explains variation in climate-driven range shifts across multiple taxonomic groups
Philip J. Platts,Suzanna C. Mason,Suzanna C. Mason,Georgina Palmer,Jane K. Hill,Tom H. Oliver,Gary D. Powney,Richard Fox,Chris D. Thomas +8 more
TL;DR: It is concluded that climate-change vulnerability assessments should focus as much on future habitat availability as on climate sensitivity and exposure, with the expectation that habitat restoration and protection will substantially improve species’ abilities to respond to uncertain future climates.
Journal ArticleDOI
Hierarchy Stability Moderates the Effect of Status on Stress and Performance in Humans
Erik L. Knight,Pranjal H. Mehta +1 more
TL;DR: Results provide direct causal evidence that high status confers adaptive benefits for stress reduction and performance only when the social hierarchy is stable, and when the hierarchy is unstable, high status actually exacerbates stress responses.
References
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TL;DR: Linear Mixed-Effects and Nonlinear Mixed-effects (NLME) models have been studied in the literature as mentioned in this paper, where the structure of grouped data has been used for fitting LME models.
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TL;DR: Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models is a comprehensive manual for the applied researcher who wants to perform data analysis using linear and nonlinear regression and multilevel models.