Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4
TLDR
In this article, a model is described in an lmer call by a formula, in this case including both fixed-and random-effects terms, and the formula and data together determine a numerical representation of the model from which the profiled deviance or the profeatured REML criterion can be evaluated as a function of some of model parameters.Abstract:
Maximum likelihood or restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimates of the parameters in linear mixed-effects models can be determined using the lmer function in the lme4 package for R. As for most model-fitting functions in R, the model is described in an lmer call by a formula, in this case including both fixed- and random-effects terms. The formula and data together determine a numerical representation of the model from which the profiled deviance or the profiled REML criterion can be evaluated as a function of some of the model parameters. The appropriate criterion is optimized, using one of the constrained optimization functions in R, to provide the parameter estimates. We describe the structure of the model, the steps in evaluating the profiled deviance or REML criterion, and the structure of classes or types that represents such a model. Sufficient detail is included to allow specialization of these structures by users who wish to write functions to fit specialized linear mixed models, such as models incorporating pedigrees or smoothing splines, that are not easily expressible in the formula language used by lmer.read more
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Countries with Higher Levels of Gender Equality Show Larger National Sex Differences in Mathematics Anxiety and Relatively Lower Parental Mathematics Valuation for Girls
TL;DR: It is shown that economically developed and more gender equal countries have a lower overall level of mathematics anxiety, and yet a larger national sex difference in mathematics anxiety relative to less developed countries, and the gender stratification model fails to account for these national patterns.
Journal ArticleDOI
Antibiotic-producing symbionts dynamically transition between plant pathogenicity and insect-defensive mutualism
Laura V. Flórez,Kirstin Scherlach,Paul Gaube,Claudia Ross,Elisabeth Sitte,Cornelia Hermes,Andre Rodrigues,Christian Hertweck,Christian Hertweck,Martin Kaltenpoth +9 more
TL;DR: Evidence supporting a dynamic transition from plant pathogenicity to insect-defensive mutualism in symbiotic Burkholderia gladioli bacteria is presented, providing a paradigm for the transition between pathogenic and mutualistic lifestyles and shed light on the evolution and chemical ecology of this defensive mutualism.
Journal ArticleDOI
Prevalence and Family-Related Factors Associated With Suicidal Ideation, Suicide Attempts, and Self-injury in Children Aged 9 to 10 Years
Danielle C. DeVille,Danielle C. DeVille,Diana J. Whalen,Florence J. Breslin,Amanda Sheffield Morris,Amanda Sheffield Morris,Sahib S. Khalsa,Sahib S. Khalsa,Martin P. Paulus,Martin P. Paulus,M Deanna +10 more
TL;DR: This study demonstrates the association of family factors, including high family conflict and low parental monitoring, with suicidality and self-injury in children, as well as the overall prevalence of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and nonsuicidal self-Injury among preadolescent children.
Journal ArticleDOI
Dissociable effects of prediction and integration during language comprehension: evidence from a large-scale study using brain potentials
Mante S. Nieuwland,Mante S. Nieuwland,Dale J. Barr,Federica Bartolozzi,Federica Bartolozzi,Simon Busch-Moreno,Emily Darley,David I. Donaldson,Heather J. Ferguson,Xiao Fu,Evelien Heyselaar,Evelien Heyselaar,Falk Huettig,E. Matthew Husband,Aine Ito,Aine Ito,Nina Kazanina,Vita Kogan,Zdenko Kohút,Eugenia Kulakova,Diane Mézière,Stephen Politzer-Ahles,Stephen Politzer-Ahles,Guillaume A. Rousselet,Shirley-Ann Rueschemeyer,Katrien Segaert,Katrien Segaert,Jyrki Tuomainen,Sarah Von Grebmer Zu Wolfsthurn +28 more
TL;DR: The results challenge the view that the predictability-dependent N400 reflects the effects of either prediction or integration, and suggest that semantic facilitation of predictable words arises from a cascade of processes that activate and integrate word meaning with context into a sentence-level meaning.
Journal ArticleDOI
Longitudinal Study of Automatic Face Recognition
Lacey Best-Rowden,Anil K. Jain +1 more
TL;DR: Longitudinal analysis of two mugshot databases shows that despite decreasing genuine scores, 99% of subjects can still be recognized at 0.01% FAR up to approximately 6 years elapsed time, and that age, sex, race, and race only marginally influence these trends.
References
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TL;DR: Linear Mixed-Effects and Nonlinear Mixed-effects (NLME) models have been studied in the literature as mentioned in this paper, where the structure of grouped data has been used for fitting LME models.
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