Focus on formative feedback
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This paper reviews the corpus of research on feedback, with a particular focus on formative feedback—defined as information communicated to the learner that is intended to modify the learners' thinking or behavior for the purpose of improving learning, and concludes with a set of guidelines for generatingformative feedback.Abstract:
This paper reviews the corpus of research on feedback, with a particular focus on formative feedback—defined as information communicated to the learner that is intended to modify the learner's thinking or behavior for the purpose of improving learning. According to researchers in the area, formative feedback should be multidimensional, nonevaluative, supportive, timely, specific, credible, infrequent, and genuine (e.g., Brophy, 1981; Schwartz & White, 2000). Formative feedback is usually presented as information to a learner in response to some action on the learner's part. It comes in a variety of types (e.g., verification of response accuracy, explanation of the correct answer, hints, worked examples) and can be administered at various times during the learning process (e.g., immediately following an answer, after some period of time has elapsed). Finally, there are a number of variables that have been shown to interact with formative feedback's success at promoting learning (e.g., individual characteristics of the learner and aspects of the task). All of these issues will be discussed in this paper. This review concludes with a set of guidelines for generating formative feedback.read more
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Formative assessment: a critical review
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References
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Assessment and Classroom Learning
Paul Black,Dylan Wiliam +1 more
TL;DR: A review of the literature on classroom formative assessment can be found in this article, where the authors consider the perceptions of students and their role in self-assessment alongside analysis of the strategies used by teachers and the formative strategies incorporated in such systemic approaches as mastery learning.
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TL;DR: In this article, Dweck describes adaptive and maladaptive motivational patterns and presents a research-based model of motivational processes and argues that this approach has important implications for practice and the design of interventions to change maladaptative motivational processes, and observes that empirically based interventions may prevent current achievement discrepancies.
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The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory.
TL;DR: In this article, KlUGER and Denisi analyzed all the major reasons to reject a paper from the meta-analysis, even though the decision to exclude a paper came at the first identification of a missing inclusion criterion.