Journal ArticleDOI
From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs.
Hamilton Morris,Jason Wallach +1 more
TLDR
The first complete portrait of this underground market is presented along with the relevant legal, technological, and scientific developments which have driven its evolution.Abstract:
PCP or phencyclidine was discovered in 1956 and soon became a popular street drug. Dissociatives including PCP, ketamine, and dextromethorphan have been used non-medically for their mind-altering effects for over 60 years. Many of these compounds have also been used clinically and in legitimate research. At least 14 derivatives of PCP were sold for non-medical and illict use from the late 1960s until the 1990s. With the advent of the Internet, the drug market underwent a dramatic evolution. While initially gray-market chemical vendors offering dextromethorphan and ketamine thrived, most recently the market has shifted to legal high and online-based research chemical vendors. Starting with the first dissociative research chemical, 4-MeO-PCP in 2008, the dissociative research chemical market has rapidly evolved and currently comprises at least 12 dissociatives, almost half of which were unknown in the scientific literature prior to their introduction. Several of these, including methoxetamine, have reached widespread use internationally. A historical account of non-medical use of over 30 dissociative compounds was compiled from a diverse collection of sources. The first complete portrait of this underground market is presented along with the relevant legal, technological, and scientific developments which have driven its evolution.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Novel psychoactive substances of interest for psychiatry.
Fabrizio Schifano,Laura Orsolini,Laura Orsolini,G Duccio Papanti,G Duccio Papanti,John Corkery +5 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide psychiatrists with updated knowledge of the clinical pharmacology and psychopathological consequences of the use of synthetic cannabinoids, including dopamine, CB1, GABA-A/B, 5-HT2A, glutamate, and k opioid receptors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Classic psychedelics: An integrative review of epidemiology, therapeutics, mystical experience, and brain network function.
TL;DR: An integrative review and novel insights regarding human research with classic psychedelics (classic hallucinogens), which are serotonin 2A receptor (5‐HT2AR) agonists such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, and psilocybin, are offered.
Journal ArticleDOI
Ketamine and phencyclidine: the good, the bad and the unexpected
D. Lodge,M S Mercier +1 more
TL;DR: The discovery in 1983 of the NMDA receptor antagonist property of ketamine and phencyclidine was a key step to understanding their pharmacology, including their psychotomimetic effects in man, and its expansion into other hallucinatory drugs.
Journal ArticleDOI
Reports of Adverse Events Associated with Use of Novel Psychoactive Substances, 2013-2016: A Review.
Barry K. Logan,Amanda L A Mohr,Melissa Friscia,Alex J Krotulski,Donna M Papsun,Sherri L. Kacinko,Jeri D. Ropero-Miller,Marilyn A. Huestis +7 more
TL;DR: Recommendations for future toxicological testing of novel psychoactive substances include development and management of a national monitoring program to provide real-time clinical and toxicological data, confirmed analytically, on emerging drugs and their known toxidromes and side effect profiles.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Subanesthetic effects of the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in humans: Psychotomimetic, perceptual, cognitive, and neuroendocrine responses.
John H. Krystal,Laurence P. Karper,John Seibyl,Glenna K. Freeman,Richard C. Delaney,J. Douglas Bremner,George R. Heninger,Malcolm B. Bowers,Dennis S. Charney +8 more
TL;DR: These data indicate that N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists produce a broad range of symptoms, behaviors, and cognitive deficits that resemble aspects of endogenous psychoses, particularly schizophrenia and dissociative states.
Journal ArticleDOI
The anticonvulsant MK-801 is a potent N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist.
Erik H. F. Wong,John A. Kemp,Tony Priestley,Antony R. Knight,Geoffrey Neil Woodruff,L. L. Iversen +5 more
TL;DR: Neurophysiological studies in vitro, using a rat cortical-slice preparation, demonstrated a potent, selective, and noncompetitive antagonistic action of MK-801 on depolarizing responses to N-Me-D-Asp but not to kainate or quisqualate, providing an explanation for the mechanism of action ofMK-801 as an anticonvulsant.
Journal ArticleDOI
The dissociative anaesthetics, ketamine and phencyclidine, selectively reduce excitation of central mammalian neurones by N-methyl-aspartate
TL;DR: The results suggest that reduction of synaptic excitation mediated via NMA receptors contributes to the anaesthetic/analgesic properties of these two dissociative anaesthetics.
Journal ArticleDOI
Pathological changes induced in cerebrocortical neurons by phencyclidine and related drugs
TL;DR: These findings raise new questions regarding the safety of these agents in the clinical management of neurodegenerative diseases and reinforce concerns about the potential risks associated with illicit use of PCP.
Journal ArticleDOI
Study of a new schizophrenomimetic drug; sernyl.
TL;DR: The production of model psychoses has been employed as a technique for testing hypotheses relevant to the causes, correlates, and treatment of schizophrenia since 1921, when De Jong demonstrated experimental catatonia by giving bulbocapnine to animals.
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