Journal ArticleDOI
Gender and Politics: the State of the Art
Sarah Childs,Mona Lena Krook +1 more
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In this paper, the authors argue that future research should focus not on the question of when women make a difference, but on how the substantive representation of women occurs, and the relationship between women's descriptive and substantive representation has been operationalised and investigated in empirical research.Abstract:
Over the last two decades, but particularly in the last 10 years, research into sex, gender and politics has become an established sub-field of political science. This article opens with some reflections on the position of ‘women and politics’ scholars and research within the British political science community. It then moves on to reflect upon the burgeoning literature on women's political representation. In particular, it questions the way in which the relationship between women's descriptive and substantive representation has been operationalised and investigated in empirical research, namely through the concept of critical mass. Seeking to reframe these debates, the article suggests that future research should focus not on the question of when women make a difference, but on how the substantive representation of women occurs.read more
Citations
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Rethinking women’s substantive representation
TL;DR: The authors argue that representation occurs both inside and outside legislative arenas, and they call attention to the wide range of actors, sites, goal, and means that inform processes of substantive representation.
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Substantive representation of women: the representation of women's interests and the impact of descriptive representation in the Belgian parliament (1900-1979)
TL;DR: This article explored the relationship between descriptive and substantive representation of women and concluded that women members of Parliament (MPs) were women's most fervent representatives and contributed in a unique way to how women were represented; they stretched the borders of the political definition of women's interests and made them fit better with the way women themselves defined their interests.
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Sex, Security and Superhero(in)es: From 1325 to 1820 and Beyond
TL;DR: The United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 was adopted in 2000 with a view to ensuring that all aspects of conflict management, post-conflict reconstruction and peacebuilding be undertaken with a sensitivity towards gender as an axis of exclusion.
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The Constitutive Representation of Gender: Extra-Parliamentary Re-Presentations of Gender Relations
TL;DR: In this paper, the notion of constitutive representation of gender has been introduced as a distinct facet of the representative process and the spheres of representative practices under consideration to include not only the parliamentary but also the extra-parliamentary arenas of women's policy agencies and feminist NGOs.
References
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Book
The Difference Women Make: The Policy Impact of Women in Congress
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a comprehensive study of the policy activity of male and female legislators at the federal level, concluding that even though representatives often vote a party line, their gender is political significant and does indeed influence policy making.
Journal ArticleDOI
Westminster Women: The Politics of Presence:
Joni Lovenduski,Pippa Norris +1 more
TL;DR: The entry of the 1997 cohort of Labour women into public life offers a test case of whether, and under what conditions, women politicians have the capacity to "make a substantive difference".
Journal ArticleDOI
Beyond Bodies: Institutional Sources of Representation for Women in Democratic Policymaking
TL;DR: This article found that women's movements and women's policy agencies may provide more effective avenues of expression for women's perspective than the presence of women in the legislatures, and that studies of representation for marginalized groups should consider institutional changes and increased political mobilization as potential sources of improved political representation.
Book
Gender in Political Theory
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a framework for gender and political theory in the context of political theory and representation, and discuss the role of gender and gender in political theory.
Book ChapterDOI
Some Effects of Proportions on Group Life
TL;DR: In this paper, the importance of relative numbers, of proportion of interacting social types, was left unexamined, which has been shown to have an impact on behavior in group interaction.