How Inhomogeneous Salt Distribution Can affect the Sensory Properties of Salt‐Reduced Multi‐Component Food: Contribution of A Mixture Experimental Design Approach Applied to Pizza

TLDR: In this paper, the authors present the feasibility of modulating salt distribution between ingredients of salt-reduced pizza (−30%) by modifying the salt content of each ingredient without changing the total salt content.

Abstract: Salt reduction in food is a major concern for public health authorities but remains a challenge for the food industry. Aims of this study are to modulate salt distribution between the ingredients of salt-reduced pizza (−30%) by modifying the salt content of each ingredient without changing the total salt content of pizza using mixture experimental design, to demonstrate its impact on sensory properties, and to determine the formulation with sensory properties, evaluated by Quantitative Descriptive Analysis, closest to the reference product. In this study, pizzas are made of dough, ham, cheese and sauce in constant proportions. Obtained results underline the consequences of modulating salt distribution on perception of multi-component foods. The distribution of salt between ingredients affects taste and texture perception and predictive models are established for each discriminating attributes. An optimal formulation, determined by multi-response analysis, is found with sensory properties closest to the reference product allowing compensating salt reduction. This formulation is composed of 20% of salt from cooked ham, 47.5% from mozzarella-style cheese, 0% from dough and 32.5% from tomato sauce. Salt should thus be located preferentially within mozzarella-style cheese and tomato sauce whereas it can be extensively reduced in dough. Practical Applications In addition to being used as a taste and flavour enhancer, salt is involved in (1) food preservation by decreasing water activity; (2) in food structure by modifying the protein network and interactions between proteins and components of food; and (3) in the variation of enzyme activity This is why, reducing the salt content in food products without affecting their organoleptic properties constitutes a major challenge for the manufacturers. This work presents the feasibility of modulating salt distribution between ingredients of salt-reduced pizza (−30%) by modifying the salt content of each ingredient without changing the total salt content of pizza as an efficient way to maintain sensory perceptions as reference product allowing compensating salt reduction.