Jaw-opening reflex and corticobulbar motor excitability changes during quiet sleep in non-human primates

TLDR: The results suggest that the excitability of reflex and corticobulbar-evoked activity in the jaw motor system is depressed during QS, which is significantly lower than during QW.

Abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that the reflex and corticobulbar motor excitability of jaw muscles is reduced during sleep. DESIGN Polysomnographic recordings in the electrophysiological study. SETTING University sleep research laboratories. PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS The reflex and corticobulbar motor excitability of jaw muscles was determined during the quiet awake state (QW) and quiet sleep (QS) in monkeys (n = 4). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS During QS sleep, compared to QW periods, both tongue stimulation-evoked jaw-opening reflex peak and root mean square amplitudes were significantly decreased with stimulations at 2-3.5 × thresholds (P < 0.001). The jaw-opening reflex latency during sleep was also significantly longer than during QW. Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) within the cortical masticatory area induced rhythmic jaw movements at a stable threshold (≤ 60 μA) during QW; but during QS, ICMS failed to induce any rhythmic jaw movements at the maximum ICMS intensity used, although sustained jaw-opening movements were evoked at significantly increased threshold (P < 0.001) in one of the monkeys. Similarly, during QW, ICMS within face primary motor cortex induced orofacial twitches at a stable threshold (≤ 35 μA), but the ICMS thresholds were elevated during QS. Soon after the animal awoke, rhythmic jaw movements and orofacial twitches could be evoked at thresholds similar to those before QS. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the excitability of reflex and corticobulbar-evoked activity in the jaw motor system is depressed during QS.