Journal ArticleDOI
Localization of nitric oxide synthase indicating a neural role for nitric oxide
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TLDR
It is demonstrated that NO synthase in the brain to be exclusively associated with discrete neuronal populations, and prominent neural localizations provided the first conclusive evidence for a strong association of NO with neurons.Abstract:
Nitric oxide (NO), apparently identical to endothelium-derived relaxing factor in blood vessels, is also formed by cytotoxic macrophages, in adrenal gland and in brain tissue, where it mediates the stimulation by glutamate of cyclic GMP formation in the cerebellum Stimulation of intestinal or anococcygeal nerves liberates NO, and the resultant muscle relaxation is blocked by arginine derivatives that inhibit NO synthesis It is, however, unclear whether in brain or intestine, NO released following nerve stimulation is formed in neurons, glia, fibroblasts, muscle or blood cells, all of which occur in proximity to neurons and so could account for effects of nerve stimulation on cGMP and muscle tone We have now localized NO synthase protein immunohistochemically in the rat using antisera to the purified enzyme We demonstrate NO synthase in the brain to be exclusively associated with discrete neuronal populations NO synthase is also concentrated in the neural innervation of the posterior pituitary, in autonomic nerve fibres in the retina, in cell bodies and nerve fibres in the myenteric plexus of the intestine, in adrenal medulla, and in vascular endothelial cells These prominent neural localizations provide the first conclusive evidence for a strong association of NO with neuronsread more
Citations
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Renal injury caused by intrarenal injection of phenol increases afferent and efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity.
TL;DR: The studies suggest that afferent impulses from the kidney to the brain may be responsible for hypertension associated with renal injury, and the stimulatory action of phenol on the SNS could be mediated by downregulation of nNOS and IL-1beta in the brain.
Journal ArticleDOI
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 in the nervous system.
Hyo Chol Ha,Solomon H. Snyder +1 more
TL;DR: Novel forms of PARP derived from distinct genes and lacking classic DNA-binding domains may have nonnuclear functions, perhaps linked to cellular energy dynamics.
Journal ArticleDOI
The effects of NMDA receptor antagonists and nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on opioid tolerance and withdrawal. Medication development issues for opiate addiction.
TL;DR: The medications with the most immediate clinical appeal are those that could be coadministered with methadone to decrease mu opioid tolerance and dependence; they include DM, MB, 7-NI, ACPC, and ACEA-1328.
Journal ArticleDOI
Colocalization of nitric oxide synthase and NADPH-diaphorase in the myenteric plexus of the rat gut.
A. Belai,Harald H.H.W. Schmidt,C. H. V. Hoyle,C. J. S. Hassall,M. J. Saffrey,J. Moss,U. Förstermann,F. Murad,Geoffrey Burnstock +8 more
TL;DR: The results in the present study are consistent with the view that nitric oxide (NO) has a mediating role in gastrointestinal neurotransmission.
Journal ArticleDOI
The neuropharmacology of yawning
TL;DR: Little is known of, and more has to be done to identify, the neurochemical mechanisms underlying yawning at the central level, as this short overview of the literature on the neurochemistry of yawning shows.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Isolation of nitric oxide synthetase, a calmodulin-requiring enzyme.
David S. Bredt,Solomon H. Snyder +1 more
TL;DR: It is shown that nitric oxide synthetase activity requires calmodulin, and the native enzyme appears to be a monomer.
Isolation of nitric oxide synthetase, a calmodulin-requiring enzyme (endothelium-derived relaxing factor/arginine/cGMP)
David S. Bredt,Solomon H. Snyder +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that NO synthetase is a calmodulin-requiring enzyme, and showed that NO formation is accompanied by the stoichiometric conversion of arginine to citrulline.
Journal ArticleDOI
Endothelium-derived relaxing factor release on activation of NMDA receptors suggests role as intercellular messenger in the brain.
TL;DR: It is reported here that by acting on NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors on cerebellar cells, glutamate induces the release of a diffusible messenger with strikingly similar properties to EDRF that accounts for the cGMP responses that take place following NMDA receptor activation.
Journal ArticleDOI
Endothelium-derived relaxing and contracting factors.
TL;DR: Endothelium-dependent relaxation of blood vessels is produced by a large number of agents (e.g., acetylcholine, ATP and ADP, substance P, bradykinin, histamine, thrombin, serotonin). With some agents, relaxation may be limited to certain species and/or blood vessels as mentioned in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
Nitric oxide mediates glutamate-linked enhancement of cGMP levels in the cerebellum
David S. Bredt,Solomon H. Snyder +1 more
TL;DR: It is established that nitric oxide mediates the stimulation by glutamate of cGMP formation, which mediates influences of numerous neurotransmitters and modulators on vascular smooth muscle and leukocytes.