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Open AccessJournal ArticleDOI

Molecular Surveillance of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi by Genotyping and Subtyping Parasites in Wastewater

TLDR
The distribution of Cryptosporidium species, G. duodenalis genotypes and subtypes, and E. bieneusi genotypes in urban wastewater indicates that anthroponotic transmission appeared to be important in epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, and microsporidia in the study areas.
Abstract
Background Despite their wide occurrence, cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis are considered neglected diseases by the World Health Organization. The epidemiology of these diseases and microsporidiosis in humans in developing countries is poorly understood. The high concentration of pathogens in raw sewage makes the characterization of the transmission of these pathogens simple through the genotype and subtype analysis of a small number of samples.

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Journal ArticleDOI

Host Specificity of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Public Health Implications.

TL;DR: This review summarizes all E. bieneusi genotypes identified thus far based on sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer from specimens obtained from humans, domestic and wild animals, and water sources and interprets the public health significance of genotype groups and major zoonotic genotypes with the goal of improving understanding of host specificity.
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Public health significance of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in wildlife: Critical insights into better drinking water management.

TL;DR: This review focuses on zoonotic Cryptosporidium species reported in global wildlife populations to date, and highlights their significance for public health and the water industry.
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Diverse Applications of Environmental DNA Methods in Parasitology.

TL;DR: Focusing on eukaryote parasites, the increasing diversity of the 'eDNA toolbox' is reviewed and combining eDNA methods with complementary tools offers much potential to understand parasite communities, disease risk, and parasite roles in broader ecosystem processes such as food web structuring and community assembly.
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Molecular epidemiologic tools for waterborne pathogens Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis.

TL;DR: Differences in virulence have been identified among Cryptosporidium species and subtypes, and possibly between G. duodenalis assemblages A and B, and genetic recombination has been identified as one mechanism for the emergence of virulent C. hominis subtypes.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Zoonotic Potential and Molecular Epidemiology of Giardia Species and Giardiasis

TL;DR: The authors' efforts in characterizing the molecular epidemiology of giardiasis are compromised by the lack of case-control and longitudinal cohort studies and the sampling and testing of humans and animals living in the same community, the frequent occurrence of infections with mixed genotypes and subtypes.
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Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis: an update.

TL;DR: The wide use of a new generation of genotyping and subtyping tools in well designed epidemiologic studies should lead to a more in-depth understanding of the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in humans and animals.
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Giardia and Cryptosporidium join the ‘Neglected Diseases Initiative’

TL;DR: The current state of knowledge of Giardia and Cryptosporidium is summarized here, and some important questions are raised that need to be addressed if control strategies are to be effective.
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Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

TL;DR: Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis, and the most prevalentZoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum.
Journal ArticleDOI

Unique Endemicity of Cryptosporidiosis in Children in Kuwait

TL;DR: The transmission of cryptosporidiosis in Kuwaiti children differed significantly from other tropical countries, and 77% of infections occurred during the cool season of November to April.
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