Journal ArticleDOI
Morphology of the developing down feathers of chick embryos. A descriptive study at the ultrastructural level of differentiation and keratinization.
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TLDR
The morphology of the developing chick feather germ (down feather) was studied at the ultrastructural level from 8 to 18 days of incubation and the process of keratinization in the developing feather germ was described, discussed and compared to keratinisation in mammalian skin and hair as discussed by the authors.Abstract:
The morphology of the developing chick feather germ (down feather) was studied at the ultrastructural level from 8 to 18 days of incubation. The process of keratinization in the developing feather germ was described, discussed and compared to keratinization in mammalian skin and hair. This study has shown that:
1.
Apico-basal gradients of differentiation and different cell types are recognizable at the ultrastructural level in the developing feather germ.
2.
The hypothesis that keratin is synthesized de novo by ribosomes is probably correct, because the largest number of these organelles is present at the time when keratin formation is most prominent.
3.
Intercellular gaps in the developing feather germs facilitate the reorientation and rearrangement of different cell types into definitive feather structures.
4.
The sources of nutrition and energy for the completion of keratinization during later developmental stages of feather germs are the supportive and the barb medullary cells and large stores of glycogen.
5.
Keratohyalin granules are not precursors of feather keratin, since no such structures were observed in feather germs.
6.
Two distinct modes of keratinization occur in feather germs. Keratinization in sheath cells is similar to that which occurs in mammalian epidermal cells. Barb and barbule cell keratinization resembles that of hair.
7.
The basal lamina is probably involved in transport of synthetic material from the pulp cavity to the epidermal cells. The lamina may also provide mechanically strong connections between the feather germ and the dermis.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Keratin: Structure, mechanical properties, occurrence in biological organisms, and efforts at bioinspiration
TL;DR: Keratin can be classified as α- and β-types as discussed by the authors, and α-types have a characteristic filament-matrix structure: 7nm diameter intermediate filaments for α-keratin, and 3nm diameter filament for β-kkeratin.
Journal ArticleDOI
Adaptation to the land: The skin of reptiles in comparison to that of amphibians and endotherm amniotes
TL;DR: The present review focuses on past and recent information on the evolution of reptilian epidermis and the stratum corneum, and the evolutions of the horny layer in Therapsids and Saurospids (reptiles and birds).
Book ChapterDOI
Feather Keratin: Composition, Structure and Biogenesis
Keith Gregg,George E. Rogers +1 more
TL;DR: The proteins of feather become soluble when they are treated with a combination of a disulphide bond-breaking reagent and a protein denaturant and by reaction with sodium iodoacetate.
Journal ArticleDOI
Avian skin development and the evolutionary origin of feathers
Roger H. Sawyer,Loren W. Knapp +1 more
TL;DR: The observations that scale formation in birds involves an inhibition of feather formation coupled with observations on the feathered feet of the scaleless and Silkie strains support the view that the ancestor of modern birds may have had feathered hind limbs similar to those recently discovered in nonavian dromaeosaurids.
Journal ArticleDOI
Ultrastructural study of mouse olfactory epithelium following destruction by ZnSO4 and its subsequent regeneration
TL;DR: Regeneration of olfactory epithelium was studied at the ultrastructural level in two different strains of mice following destructive changes induced by nasal irrigation with 1% aqueous solution of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4).
References
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A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo
TL;DR: The preparation of a series of normal stages of the chick embryo does not need justification at a time when chick ernbryos are not only widely used in descriptive and experimental embryology but are proving to be increasingly valuable in medical research, as in work on viruses and cancer.
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Staining of Tissue Sections for Electron Microscopy with Heavy Metals
TL;DR: Certain hitherto unobserved details are revealed and some sort of specificity exists, although the factors involved are not yet understood.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cytochemistry and electron microscopy. The preservation of cellular ultrastructure and enzymatic activity by aldehyde fixation.
TL;DR: A postfixation in osmium tetroxide, even after long periods of storage, developed an image that—notable in the case of glutaraldehyde—was largely indistinguishable from that of tissues fixed under optimal conditions with osmia tetroxides alone.