Journal ArticleDOI
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Spectral Mapping of Jupiter and the Galilean Satellites: Results from Galileo's Initial Orbit
Robert W. Carlson,William D. Smythe,Kevin H. Baines,E. Barbinis,Kris J. Becker,R. Burns,S. B. Calcutt,Wendy M. Calvin,Roger N. Clark,G. E. Danielson,A. G. Davies,Pierre Drossart,T. Encrenaz,Fraser P. Fanale,J. Granahan,Gary B. Hansen,P. Herrera,Charles A. Hibbitts,J. Hui,Patrick G. J. Irwin,Torrence V. Johnson,L. W. Kamp,Hugh H. Kieffer,F. Leader,Emmanuel Lellouch,R. Lopes-Gautier,Dennis L. Matson,Thomas B. McCord,R. Mehlman,Adriana C. Ocampo,Glenn S. Orton,M. Roos-Serote,M. Segura,James H. Shirley,L. A. Soderblom,A. Stevenson,Fredric W. Taylor,J. Torson,Alex A. S. Weir,Paul R. Weissman +39 more
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TLDR
Spectra for a 5-micrometer hot spot on Jupiter are consistent with the absence of a significant water cloud above 8 bars and with a depletion of water compared to that predicted for solar composition, corroborating results from the Galileo probe.Abstract:
The Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer performed spectral studies of Jupiter and the Galilean satellites during the June 1996 perijove pass of the Galileo spacecraft. Spectra for a 5-micrometer hot spot on Jupiter are consistent with the absence of a significant water cloud above 8 bars and with a depletion of water compared to that predicted for solar composition, corroborating results from the Galileo probe. Great Red Spot (GRS) spectral images show that parts of this feature extend upward to 240 millibars, although considerable altitude-dependent structure is found within it. A ring of dense clouds surrounds the GRS and is lower than it by 3 to 7 kilometers. Spectra of Callisto and Ganymede reveal a feature at 4.25 micrometers, attributed to the presence of hydrated minerals or possibly carbon dioxide on their surfaces. Spectra of Europa's high latitudes imply that fine-grained water frost overlies larger grains. Several active volcanic regions were found on Io, with temperatures of 420 to 620 kelvin and projected areas of 5 to 70 square kilometers.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Imaging spectroscopy: Earth and planetary remote sensing with the USGS Tetracorder and expert systems
Roger N. Clark,Gregg A. Swayze,K. Eric Livo,Raymond F. Kokaly,Steve J. Sutley,J. Brad Dalton,Robert R. McDougal,Carol A. Gent +7 more
TL;DR: Tetracorder as discussed by the authors is a decision tree-based approach for spectral identification and mapping of materials based on a set of expert system rules that describe which diagnostic spectral features are used in the decision-making process.
Journal ArticleDOI
Salts on Europa's Surface Detected by Galileo's Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer
Thomas B. McCord,Gary B. Hansen,F. P. Fanale,Robert W. Carlson,Dennis L. Matson,Torrence V. Johnson,William D. Smythe,J. K. Crowley,Patrick Martin,Adriana C. Ocampo,Charles A. Hibbitts,J. C. Granahan +11 more
TL;DR: Reflectance spectra obtained by Galileo's Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer exhibit distorted water absorption bands that indicate the presence of hydrated minerals, and may represent evaporite deposits formed by water, rich in dissolved salts, reaching the surface from a water-rich layer underlying an ice crust.
Journal ArticleDOI
The composition of the Jovian atmosphere as determined by the Galileo probe mass spectrometer.
H. B. Niemann,H. B. Niemann,Sushil K. Atreya,G. R. Carignan,T. M. Donahue,J. A. Haberman,D. N. Harpold,Richard E. Hartle,Donald M. Hunten,Wayne Kasprzak,Paul R. Mahaffy,T. C. Owen,S. H. Way +12 more
TL;DR: Analysis of some of the constituents detected suggests that icy planetesimals made significant contributions to the volatile inventory, and (4) a moderate decrease in D/H but no detectable change in (D + 3He)/H in this part of the galaxy during the past 4.6 Gyr.
Journal ArticleDOI
Thermal structure of Jupiter's atmosphere near the edge of a 5‐μm hot spot in the north equatorial belt
Alvin Seiff,Donn B. Kirk,T. C. D. Knight,Richard E. Young,John D. Mihalov,Leslie A. Young,Frank S. Milos,Gerald Schubert,Robert C. Blanchard,David H. Atkinson +9 more
TL;DR: This article measured the thermal structure of the atmosphere of Jupiter from 1029 km above to 133 km below the 1-bar level during entry and descent of the Galileo probe and confirmed the hot exosphere observed by Voyager (∼900 K at 1 nanobar).
Journal ArticleDOI
Hydrated salt minerals on Europa's surface from the Galileo near-infrared mapping spectrometer (NIMS) investigation
Thomas B. McCord,Gary B. Hansen,Dennis L. Matson,Torrence V. Johnson,J. K. Crowley,Fraser P. Fanale,Robert W. Carlson,William D. Smythe,Patrick Martin,Charles A. Hibbitts,J. C. Granahan,Adriana C. Ocampo +11 more
TL;DR: McCord et al. as discussed by the authors reported evidence of heavily hydrated salt minerals present over large areas of Europa's surface from analysis of reflectance spectra returned by the Galileo mission near infrared mapping spectrometer (NIMS).
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
High spectral resolution reflectance spectroscopy of minerals
TL;DR: In this article, the reflectance spectra of minerals are studied as a function of spectral resolution in the range from 0.2 to 3.0 microns, and selected absorption bands were studied at resolving powers as high as 2240.
Journal ArticleDOI
The tropospheric gas composition of Jupiter's north equatorial belt /NH3, PH3, CH3D, GeH4, H2O/ and the Jovian D/H isotopic ratio
Virgil G. Kunde,Rudolf A. Hanel,William C. Maguire,D. Gautier,J. P. Baluteau,A. Marten,Alain Chédin,N. Husson,N. Scott +8 more
TL;DR: The gas composition of the troposphere of Jupiter in the clearest regions of the North Equatorial Belt (NEB) was derived from the Voyager 1 IRIS data.
Journal ArticleDOI
Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer Experiment on Galileo
TL;DR: The Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) as discussed by the authors is a combination of imaging and spectroscopic methods, which can be used to map morphological features, while simultaneously determining their composition and mineralogy, providing data to investigate the evolution of surface geology.
Journal ArticleDOI
Io on the eve of the galileo mission
TL;DR: Io, the innermost of Jupiter's large moons, is one of the most unusual objects in the Solar System as discussed by the authors, which produces a global heat flux 40 times the terrestrial value, producing intense volcanic activity and a global resurfacing rate averaging perhaps 1 cm yr−1.
Journal ArticleDOI
Spectra of the icy Galilean satellites from 0.2 to 5μm: A compilation, new observations, and a recent summary
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present composite spectra for both leading and trailing hemispheres of all three icy Galilean satellites from 0.24 to 4 or, in some cases, to 5 μm.