Optimal diets for prevention of coronary heart disease.
Frank B. Hu,Walter C. Willett +1 more
TLDR
Substantial evidence indicates that diets using nonhydrogenated unsaturated fats as the predominant form of dietary fat, whole grains as the main form of carbohydrates, an abundance of fruits and vegetables, and adequate omega-3 fatty acids can offer significant protection against CHD.Abstract:
ContextCoronary heart disease (CHD) remains the leading cause of mortality
in industrialized countries and is rapidly becoming a primary cause of death
worldwide. Thus, identification of the dietary changes that most effectively
prevent CHD is critical.ObjectiveTo review metabolic, epidemiologic, and clinical trial evidence regarding
diet and CHD prevention.Data Sources and Study SelectionWe searched MEDLINE through May 2002 for epidemiologic and clinical
investigations of major dietary factors (fat, cholesterol, omega-3 fatty acids, trans-fatty acids, carbohydrates, glycemic index, fiber,
folate, specific foods, and dietary patterns) and CHD. We selected 147 original
investigations and reviews of metabolic studies, epidemiologic studies, and
dietary intervention trials of diet and CHD.Data ExtractionData were examined for relevance and quality and extracted by 1 of the
authors.Data SynthesisCompelling evidence from metabolic studies, prospective cohort studies,
and clinical trials in the past several decades indicates that at least 3
dietary strategies are effective in preventing CHD: substitute nonhydrogenated
unsaturated fats for saturated and trans-fats; increase
consumption of omega-3 fatty acids from fish, fish oil supplements, or plant
sources; and consume a diet high in fruits, vegetables, nuts, and whole grains
and low in refined grain products. However, simply lowering the percentage
of energy from total fat in the diet is unlikely to improve lipid profile
or reduce CHD incidence. Many issues remain unsettled, including the optimal
amounts of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, the optimal balance between
omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fats, the amount and sources of protein,
and the effects of individual phytochemicals, antioxidant vitamins, and minerals.ConclusionsSubstantial evidence indicates that diets using nonhydrogenated unsaturated
fats as the predominant form of dietary fat, whole grains as the main form
of carbohydrates, an abundance of fruits and vegetables, and adequate omega-3
fatty acids can offer significant protection against CHD. Such diets, together
with regular physical activity, avoidance of smoking, and maintenance of a
healthy body weight, may prevent the majority of cardiovascular disease in
Western populations.read more
Citations
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Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000.
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ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS)☆☆☆
Alberico L. Catapano,Zeljko Reiner,Guy De Backer,Ian D. Graham,Marja-Riitta Taskinen,Olov Wiklund,Stefan Agewall,Eduardo Alegria,M. John Chapman,Paul N. Durrington,Serap Erdine,Julian Halcox,Richard J. Hobbs,John Kjekshus,Pasquale Perrone Filardi,Gabriele Riccardi,Robert F. Storey,David R. Wood +17 more
TL;DR: These Joint ESC/European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) guidelines on the management of dyslipidaemias are complementary to the guidelines on CVD prevention in clinical practice and address not only physicians but also specialists from lipid clinics or metabolic units who are dealing with dyslipIDAemias that are more difficult to classify and treat.
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Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations Revision 2006 A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee
Alice H. Lichtenstein,Lawrence J. Appel,Michael W. Brands,Mercedes R. Carnethon,Stephen R. Daniels,Harold A. Franch,Barry A. Franklin,Penny M. Kris-Etherton,William S. Harris,Barbara V. Howard,Njeri Karanja,Michael Lefevre,Lawrence L. Rudel,Frank M. Sacks,M. Linda Van Horn,Mary Winston,Judith Wylie-Rosett +16 more
TL;DR: Adhering to these diet and lifestyle recommendations, Americans can substantially reduce their risk of developing cardiovascular disease, which remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States.
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Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials
TL;DR: The effects of dietary fats on total:HDL cholesterol may differ markedly from their effects on LDL, and the effects of fats on these risk markers should not in themselves be considered to reflect changes in risk but should be confirmed by prospective observational studies or clinical trials.
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2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias
Alberico L. Catapano,Ian D. Graham,Guy De Backer,Olov Wiklund,M. John Chapman,Heinz Drexel,Arno W. Hoes,Catriona Jennings,Ulf Landmesser,Terje R. Pedersen,Željko Reiner,Gabriele Riccardi,Marja-Riitta Taskinen,Lale Tokgozoglu,W. M. Monique Verschuren,Charalambos Vlachopoulos,David R. Wood,José Luis Zamorano +17 more
TL;DR: The Task Force for the Management of Dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology and European Atherosclerosis Society and EAS and ABI : ankle-brachial index are formed.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
A Clinical Trial of the Effects of Dietary Patterns on Blood Pressure
Lawrence J. Appel,Thomas Burton Moore,Thomas Burton Moore,Eva Obarzanek,William M. Vollmer,Laura P. Svetkey,Frank M. Sacks,George A. Bray,Thomas M. Vogt,Jeffrey A. Cutler,Marlene M. Windhauser,Pao-Hwa Lin,Njeri Karanja,Denise G. Simons-Morton,Marjorie L. McCullough,Janis F. Swain,Priscilla Steele,Marguerite Evans,Edgar R. Miller,David W. Harsha +19 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure were assessed in a clinical trial, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, where the subjects were fed a control diet that was low in fruits, vegetables, and dairy products, with a fat content typical of the average diet in the United States.
Journal ArticleDOI
Effects on Blood Pressure of Reduced Dietary Sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet
Frank M. Sacks,Laura P. Svetkey,William M. Vollmer,Lawrence J. Appel,George A. Bray,David W. Harsha,Eva Obarzanek,Paul R. Conlin,E R Miller rd,Denise G. Simons-Morton,Njeri Karanja,Pao-Hwa Lin +11 more
TL;DR: The effect of different levels of dietary sodium, in conjunction with the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, which is rich in vegetables, fruits, and low-fat dairy products, in persons with and in those without hypertension is studied.
Journal ArticleDOI
Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study.
TL;DR: Flavonoids in regularly consumed foods may reduce the risk of death from coronary heart disease in elderly men and showed an inverse relation with incidence of myocardial infarction.
Journal ArticleDOI
Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial
TL;DR: Dietary supplementation with n-3 PUFA led to a clinically important and statistically significant benefit and vitamin E had no benefit and its effects on fatal cardiovascular events require further exploration.
Journal ArticleDOI
Dietary pattern analysis: a new direction in nutritional epidemiology.
TL;DR: The rationale for studying dietary patterns is described, quantitative methods for analysing dietary patterns and their reproducibility and validity are discussed, and the available evidence regarding the relationship between major Dietary patterns and the risk of cardiovascular disease is discussed.
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