Journal ArticleDOI
Organic films on atmospheric aerosol particles, fog droplets, cloud droplets, raindrops, and snowflakes
TLDR
In this article, the surface tension of aqueous solutions of common atmospheric organic compounds (β-pinene, n-hexanol, eugenol, and anethole) was measured and it was shown that these compounds produce films with properties similar to those of the more well known surfactants.Abstract:
Surface-active organic molecules are common constituents of atmospheric aerosol particles, raindrops, and snowflakes. If these compounds are present as surface films, transfer of gases into the atmospheric water systems could be impeded, evaporation could be slowed, and the aqueous chemical reactions could be influenced. To investigate these possibilities, we have reviewed the chemical literature pertaining to organic films on aqueous surfaces: their composition, structure, properties, and effects. We then review the surface-active organic compounds in atmospheric water. We report the results of new measurements of surface tension of aqueous solutions of common atmospheric organic compounds (β-pinene, n-hexanol, eugenol, and anethole) and demonstrate that the compounds produce films with properties similar to those of the more well known surfactants. We conclude that organic films are probably common on atmospheric aerosol particles and that they may occur under certain circumstances on fog droplets, cloud droplets, and snowflakes. If present, they will increase the lifetimes of aerosol particles, fog droplets, and cloud droplets, both by inhibiting water vapor evaporation and by reducing the efficiency with which these atmospheric components are scavenged. The presence of the films will not cause a significant reduction of solar radiation within the aqueous solution. It appears likely, however, that the transport of gaseous molecules into and out of the aqueous solution will be impeded by factors of several hundred or more when organic films are present. Since incorporated gas molecules provide much of the oxidizing potential of atmospheric water droplets, the organic films will play a major role in droplet chemistry by strongly inhibiting solution oxidation.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Water-soluble organics in atmospheric particles: A critical review of the literature and application of thermodynamics to identify candidate compounds
Pradeep Saxena,Lynn M. Hildemann +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify specific compounds that are likely to contribute to the water-soluble fraction by juxtaposing observations regarding the extraction characteristics and the molecular composition of atmospheric particulate organics with compound-specific solubility and condensibility for a wide variety of organics.
Journal ArticleDOI
Heterogeneous chemistry and tropospheric ozone
TL;DR: In this article, it is recommended that standard O 3 models include in their chemical mechanisms the following reaction probability parameterizations for reactive uptake of gases by aqueous aerosols and clouds: γ HO 2 =0.2 (range 0.1-1) for HO 2 → 0.5 H 2 O 2, γ NO 2 =10 −4 (10 −6 −10 −3 ) for NO 2 → HNO 3, and γ N 2 O 5 → 2 H NO 3.
Journal ArticleDOI
Measuring and simulating particulate organics in the atmosphere: problems and prospects
TL;DR: A review of the current state of organic aerosol sampling, analysis, and simulation, examines the limitations of current technology, and presents prospects for the future is provided in this article, where the emphasis is on distilling findings from recent atmospheric, smog chamber, and theoretical studies to provide a coherent picture of what has been accomplished, especially during the last five years.
Journal ArticleDOI
Organic atmospheric aerosols: Review and state of the science
TL;DR: In this article, the importance of organic aerosols in environmental issues is discussed, and a detailed overview of the major environmental issues known to be affected by organic aerosol is provided, followed by a description of the distribution, sources, and chemical and physical properties as they are currently understood.
Journal ArticleDOI
Atmospheric amines - Part I. A review
TL;DR: Amines are emitted by a wide range of sources and are ubiquitous atmospheric organic bases and approximately 150 amines and about 30 amino acids have been identified in the atmosphere as discussed by the authors.
References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss various topics about optics, such as geometrical theories, image forming instruments, and optics of metals and crystals, including interference, interferometers, and diffraction.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss various topics about optics, such as geometrical theories, image forming instruments, and optics of metals and crystals, including interference, interferometers, and diffraction.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the nature and properties of liquid interfaces, including the formation of a new phase, nucleation and crystal growth, and the contact angle of surfaces of solids.
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Water-soluble organics in atmospheric particles: A critical review of the literature and application of thermodynamics to identify candidate compounds
Pradeep Saxena,Lynn M. Hildemann +1 more