Q2. What have the authors stated for future works in "Overweight children overeat after exposure to food cues" ?
If that is the case, their future restrained eating style follows a tendency to overeat and reflects a fight against eating more than needed instead of eating less than needed, a possibility that Lowe ( 1993 ) discussed years ago.
Q3. What is the role of cues in predicting food intake?
The moment the cues are good predictors of intake, they acquire the ability to elicit physiological responses that are useful for digestion (e.g., salivation and insulin responses), which is called cue reactivity.
Q4. What is the effect of cue exposure on the body?
During cue exposure, the participant is exposed to the cues (smell, taste) and prevented from intake, which at last leads to reduced reactivity and craving (Jansen, 1998; Jansen et al., 2002).
Q5. What is the classical conditioning model of overeating?
The classical conditioning model of overeating states that after systematic association of cues with food intake, the cues will reliably signal the food effects such as increased blood sugar and salivary flow (Jansen, 1998).
Q6. What are the main factors that influence the overeating of overweight children?
Because current models of overeating stress the importance of restraint, low body esteem, and mood as triggers of disinhibited eating (e.g., Fairburn, Marcus, & Wilson, 1993; Rosen, 1996; Wegner et al., 2002), the authors also explored whether restraint, body esteem, and mood play a role in the overeating of overweight children.
Q7. What is the main reason why overweight children are not restrained?
Perhaps they will become more or less successful restrained eaters trying to reduce their excessive intake when they grow older and become more conscious of the negative physical and social consequences of being overweight.
Q8. What did the overweight children eat after being exposed to the smell of tasty food?
After the intense smelling of tasty food during the exposure, the overweight children tended to eat more (F= 3.3, P= .09), whereas the normal-weight children reduced their intake significantly after being exposed to the smell of tasty food (F = 6.2, P < .03).
Q9. What is the effect of the presence of the mother on the child’s eating?
Uhl, and Lindel (2001) found that the presence of the child’s mother led to faster eating in overweight children as compared to normal-weight children, whereas in the absence of their mother, the speed of eating was the same in overweight and normal-weight children.
Q10. What is the main reason why Dutch adults are becoming overweight?
Obesity is a major health problem and its prevalence is rising, not only in the United States but also in the Netherlands; about 40% of the Dutch adults is overweight or obese now (Visscher, Kromhout, & Seidell, 2002).
Q11. What does the study show about the weight of overweight children?
they show that normal-weight children eat significantly less after intense exposure to the smell of tasty food, whereas overweight children tend to eat even more after the exposure.
Q12. How many boys and girls were categorized as overweight?
Participants with a weight equal to or higher than the 90th percentile for their height and gender were categorized as overweight (7 boys and 9 girls), whereas participants with a weight lower than the 90th percentile for their height and gender were categorized as normal weight (10 boys and 5 girls).
Q13. How long did the saliva collection take?
The dental rolls were placed between the cheek and lower gum on the left and right side and each saliva collection time was 1 min.
Q14. What is the implication of the study?
The implication is, according to the authors, that the intake of foods can be limited by presenting the same odor for a period of at least several minutes, and that is exactly what the authors found in normal-weight unrestrained eating adults and the present sample of normal-weight children.
Q15. What does the study show about overweight children?
But when the overweight children are tempted by the taste or intense smell of tasty food, they show abnormal eating patterns; they do not eat less after these cues like normal-weight children do and thus fail to regulate their intake.
Q16. What is the relationship between restraint, body esteem, and mood?
Hypothesis 4: Restraint, body esteem, and mood are related to caloric intake after disinhibitors such as smelling and tasting tasty food; it is expected to find a positive relation between restraint and intake (more restraint, more intake), a negative relation between body esteem and caloric intake (lower body esteem, more intake), and a negative relation between mood and caloric intake (lower mood, more intake).