Proposed Mechanisms of Photobiomodulation or Low-Level Light Therapy
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TLDR
After the initial photon absorption events, numerous signaling pathways are activated via reactive oxygen species, cyclic AMP, NO, and Ca2+, leading to activation of transcription factors, which can lead to increased expression of genes related to protein synthesis, cell migration and proliferation,Anti-inflammatory signaling, anti-apoptotic proteins, and antioxidant enzymes.Abstract:
Photobiomodulation also known as low-level laser (or light) therapy (LLLT), has been known for almost 50 years but still has not gained widespread acceptance, largely due to uncertainty about the molecular, cellular, and tissular mechanisms of action. However, in recent years, much knowledge has been gained in this area, which will be summarized in this review. One of the most important chromophores is cytochrome c oxidase (unit IV in the mitochondrial respiratory chain), which contains both heme and copper centers and absorbs light into the near-infrared region. The leading hypothesis is that the photons dissociate inhibitory nitric oxide from the enzyme, leading to an increase in electron transport, mitochondrial membrane potential, and adenosine triphosphate production. Another hypothesis concerns light-sensitive ion channels that can be activated allowing calcium (Ca2+) to enter the cell. After the initial photon absorption events, numerous signaling pathways are activated via reactive oxygen species, cyclic AMP, NO, and Ca2+, leading to activation of transcription factors. These transcription factors can lead to increased expression of genes related to protein synthesis, cell migration and proliferation, anti-inflammatory signaling, anti-apoptotic proteins, and antioxidant enzymes. Stem cells and progenitor cells appear to be particularly susceptible to LLLT.read more
Citations
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Mechanisms and applications of the anti-inflammatory effects of photobiomodulation.
TL;DR: One of the most reproducible effects of PBM is an overall reduction in inflammation, which is particularly important for disorders of the joints, traumatic injuries, lung disorders, and in the brain.
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Shining light on the head: Photobiomodulation for brain disorders.
TL;DR: The mechanisms of action of photobiomodulation to the brain are covered, some of the key pre-clinical studies and clinical trials that have been undertaken for diverse brain disorders are summarized, and the possibility that PBM could be used for cognitive enhancement in normal healthy people is summarized.
Journal ArticleDOI
Brain Photobiomodulation Therapy: a Narrative Review.
Farzad Salehpour,Javad Mahmoudi,Farzin Kamari,Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad,Seyed Hossein Rasta,Seyed Hossein Rasta,Michael R. Hamblin +6 more
TL;DR: The state-of-the-art preclinical and clinical evidence regarding the efficacy of brain PBM therapy is reviewed, with a focus on the transcranial PBM approach.
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Biological effects and medical applications of infrared radiation
TL;DR: Nerve cells respond particularly well to IR, which has been proposed for a range of neurostimulation and neuromodulation applications, and recent progress in neural stimulation and regeneration are discussed in this review.
References
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TL;DR: It is demonstrated that S-nitroso proteins form readily under physiologic conditions and possess EDRF-like effects of vasodilation and platelet inhibition, suggesting that S -nitrosothiol groups in proteins may serve as intermediates in the cellular metabolism of NO and raise the possibility of an additional type of cellular regulatory mechanism.
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The Nuts and Bolts of Low-level Laser (Light) Therapy
Hoon Chung,Tianhong Dai,Sulbha K. Sharma,Ying-Ying Huang,Ying-Ying Huang,James D. Carroll,Michael R. Hamblin,Michael R. Hamblin +7 more
TL;DR: The mechanisms of action of LLLT at a cellular and at a tissular level are covered and the various light sources and principles of dosimetry that are employed in clinical practice are summarized.
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Biphasic Dose Response in Low Level Light Therapy
TL;DR: The molecular and cellular mechanisms in LLLT are covered, and some of the recent results in vitro and in vivo that provide scientific explanations for this biphasic dose response are described.
Journal ArticleDOI
Localized Effects of cAMP Mediated by Distinct Routes of Protein Kinase A
TL;DR: Targeting of PKA and integration of a wide repertoire of proteins involved in signal transduction into complex signal networks further increase the specificity required for the precise regulation of numerous cellular and physiological processes.