Serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in major depressive disorder: state-trait issues, clinical features and pharmacological treatment
Marc L. Molendijk,Boudewijn A.A. Bus,Philip Spinhoven,Brenda W.J.H. Penninx,Brenda W.J.H. Penninx,Gunter Kenis,Jos Prickaerts,Richard C. Oude Voshaar,Richard C. Oude Voshaar,Bernet M. Elzinga +9 more
TLDR
Low serum levels of BDNF are a state abnormality that is evident during depression and normalizes during remission, and increases in serum levels during antidepressant treatment appear to be confined to some antidepressants and do not parallel clinical characteristics, such as the severity of depressive symptoms.Abstract:
Recent evidence supports ‘the neurotrophin hypothesis of depression’ in its prediction that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is involved in depression. However, some key questions remain unanswered, including whether abnormalities in BDNF persist beyond the clinical state of depression, whether BDNF levels are related to the clinical features of depression and whether distinct antidepressants affect BDNF levels equally. We addressed these questions and investigated serum BDNF levels in 962 depressed patients, 700 fully remitted persons (X6 months) and 382 healthy controls. We found serum BDNF levels to be low in antidepressant-free depressed patients relative to controls (P=0.007) and to depressed patients who were treated with an antidepressant (P=0.001). BDNF levels of fully remitted persons (whether unmedicated or treated with an antidepressant) were comparable to those of controls. Analyzing the sample of antidepressant-free depressed patients showed that BDNF levels were unrelated to the core clinical features of depression such as its severity or first versus a recurrent episode. The antidepressant associated upregulation of serum BDNF in depressed patients was confined to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (P=0.003) and St John’s wort (P=0.03). Our results suggest that low serum levels of BDNF are a state abnormality that is evident during depression and normalizes during remission. Increases in serum levels of BDNF during antidepressant treatment appear to be confined to some antidepressants and do not parallel clinical characteristics, such as the severity of depressive symptoms. Molecular Psychiatry (2011) 16, 1088–1095; doi:10.1038/mp.2010.98; published online 21 September 2010read more
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Inflammatory cytokines in depression: Neurobiological mechanisms and therapeutic implications
TL;DR: This review explores the idea that specific gene polymorphisms and neurotransmitter systems can confer protection from or vulnerability to specific symptom dimensions of cytokine-related depression and potential therapeutic strategies that target inflammatory cytokine signaling.
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Mechanistic explanations how cell-mediated immune activation, inflammation and oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways and their sequels and concomitants play a role in the pathophysiology of unipolar depression.
Brian E. Leonard,Michael Maes +1 more
TL;DR: It is concluded that depression may be the consequence of a complex interplay between CMI activation and inflammation and their sequels/concomitants which all together cause neuroprogression that further shapes the depression phenotype.
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Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor: A Key Molecule for Memory in the Healthy and the Pathological Brain.
TL;DR: It is proposed that, although BDNF may not be a valid biomarker for neurodegenerative/neuropsychiatric diseases, it could be thought of as a marker that specifically relates to the occurrence and/or progression of the mnemonic symptoms that are common to many pathological conditions.
Journal ArticleDOI
Serum BDNF concentrations as peripheral manifestations of depression: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analyses on 179 associations (N=9484).
Marc L. Molendijk,Philip Spinhoven,Marike Polak,Boudewijn A.A. Bus,Brenda W.J.H. Penninx,Bernet M. Elzinga +5 more
TL;DR: The findings corroborate the claim that altered serum BDNF concentrations are peripheral manifestations of depression, and highlight that the evidence for this claim is slimmer as was initially thought and amidst a lot of noise.
Journal ArticleDOI
The neuroprogressive nature of major depressive disorder: pathways to disease evolution and resistance, and therapeutic implications.
TL;DR: Current knowledge of the neuroprogressive processes that may occur in MDD is reviewed, including structural brain consequences and potential molecular mechanisms including the role of neurotransmitter systems, inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways, neurotrophins and regulation of neurogenesis, cortisol and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis modulation.
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