Book ChapterDOI
Sources of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soils
Brian J. Alloway
- pp 11-50
TLDR
In this paper, heavy metals and metalloids in soils are derived from the soil parent material (lithogenic source) and various anthropogenic sources, most of which involve several metal(loid)s.Abstract:
Heavy metals and metalloids in soils are derived from the soil parent material (lithogenic source) and various anthropogenic sources, most of which involve several metal(loid)s. There are many different anthropogenic sources of heavy metal(loid) contamination affecting both agricultural and urban soils. However, localised contamination from a predominant single source, such as a metal smelter can have a marked effect on soils, vegetation and possibly also on the health of the local population, especially in countries where there are inadequate emission controls and soil quality standards. In general, soils at industrial sites can have distinct groups of heavy metal(loid) contaminants, which depend on the respective industries and their raw materials and products. Soils in all urban areas are generally contaminated with lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) from traffic, paint and many other non-specific urban sources. Although the heavy metal(loid) composition of agricultural soils tends to be more closely governed by the parent material, inputs from sources such as deposition of long-distance, atmospherically-transported aerosol particles from fossil fuel combustion and other sources, organic material applications and contaminants in fertilisers can also be significant. Removal of Pb from petrol and paints, changes in the type and structure of industries and strict regulations on atmospheric emissions and waste water discharges have resulted in a general reduction in the loads of heavy metal(loid)s reaching soils in many countries. However, historic contamination still affects soils in many areas and may have impacts for decades or even centuries afterwards.read more
Citations
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Book
Heavy metals in soils : trace metals and metalloids in soils and their bioavailability
TL;DR: In this article, the authors defined the sources of heavy metals and metalloids in Soils and derived methods for the determination of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in soil.
Journal ArticleDOI
Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology of Hazardous Heavy Metals: Environmental Persistence, Toxicity, and Bioaccumulation
TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive review of the environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of hazardous heavy metals and metalloids is presented, focusing on their environmental persistence, toxicity for living organisms, and bioaccumulative potential.
Journal ArticleDOI
A review of soil heavy metal pollution from industrial and agricultural regions in China: Pollution and risk assessment.
TL;DR: This paper provides a comprehensive ecological and health risk assessment on the heavy metals in soils in Chinese industrial and agricultural regions and thus provides insights for the policymakers regarding exposure reduction and management.
Journal ArticleDOI
Soil amendments for immobilization of potentially toxic elements in contaminated soils: A critical review.
Kumuduni Niroshika Palansooriya,Sabry M. Shaheen,Sabry M. Shaheen,Sabry M. Shaheen,Season S. Chen,Daniel C.W. Tsang,Yohey Hashimoto,Deyi Hou,Nanthi Bolan,Jörg Rinklebe,Jörg Rinklebe,Yong Sik Ok +11 more
TL;DR: This review discussed remediation of PTEs contaminated soils through immobilization techniques using different soil amendments with respect to type of element, soil, and amendment, immobilization efficiency, underlying mechanisms, and field applicability.
Journal ArticleDOI
Assessment of heavy metal pollution from anthropogenic activities and remediation strategies: A review.
TL;DR: The concentration of heavy metals in several sites, assessed in water, soil and sediment samples, affected by different pollution sources are reviewed, showing how human activities impact natural media and how the pollution spreads.
References
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Book
Trace elements in soils and plants
TL;DR: The Biosphere The Anthroposphere Soils and Soil Processes Weathering Processes Pedogenic Processes Soil Constituents Trace Elements Minerals Organic Matter Organisms in Soils Trace Elements in Plants.
Journal ArticleDOI
The composition of the continental crust
TL;DR: In this paper, a new calculation of the crustal composition is based on the proportions of upper crust (UC) to felsic lower crust (FLC) to mafic lower-crust (MLC) of about 1.6:0.4.
Book
Introduction to geochemistry
TL;DR: Chemical equilibrium aqueous solutions solution-mineral equilibria - silicates crystal chemistry surface chemistry surfacechemistry surface chemistry - the solutionmineral interface Chemical thermodynamics chemical thermodynamics - phase equilibrium phase equilibrium - oxidation and reduction isotope geochemistry reaction rates and mass transfer the fluid envelopes weathering and soils sedimentation and diagenesis - inorganic geochemistry sedimentation, inorganic sedimentation sedimentation; organic geochemistry metamorphism formation and crystallization of magmas volatiles and magmas hydrothermal ore deposits distribution of the elements historical ge
Book
Trace Elements From Soil to Human
TL;DR: Trace Elements of the Human Environment: Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements and Trace Elements of Group 1 (Previously Group Ia).
Book
Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration
Abstract: The first edition of Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration, published by Harper and Row in 1962, was offered as an introduction to geochemistry as applied in exploration for solid minerals. It was addressed to four principal groups of readers: (i) to the student as an introductory textbook; (ii) to the practising exploration geochemist as a source book and reference to the literature; (iii) to the specialized research worker in allied fields, such as environmental or agricultural geochemistry; and (iv) to non-specialized earth scientists who want a source of general information on exploration geochemistry. The same may be said about this, the second edition. The present volume, however, differs from the first edition in a number of respects. Chemical principles, chemical equilibria, and chemical phenomena relevant to dispersion of elements are strongly emphasized, with the thought that an understanding of these principles will lead to valid new exploration methods and more accurate appraisal of exploration data. Two completely new chapters have been added, on vapor geochemistry and statistical methods. Most other chapters have been thoroughly revised and updated, based on the extensive literature published since the first edition. In particular, the previous single chapters on primary dispersion and on principles of secondary dispersion have each been enlarged into two chapters. Only brief discussions are offered of other fields of applied geochemistry, such as petroleum exploration, agriculture, public health, environmental problems, and forecasting of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.