Journal ArticleDOI
Spiral twisting of fiber orientation inside bone lamellae
Wolfgang Wagermaier,Himadri S. Gupta,Aurélien Gourrier,Manfred Burghammer,Paul Roschger,Peter Fratzl +5 more
TLDR
Using scanning x-ray diffraction with a micron-sized synchrotron beam, along with measurements of local mineral crystallographic axis direction, it is found that the mineralized collagen fibrils spiral around the central axis with varying degrees of tilt, which would impart high extensibility to the osteon.Abstract:
The secondary osteon — a fundamental building block in compact bone — is a multilayered cylindrical structure of mineralized collagen fibrils arranged around a blood vessel. Functionally, the osteon must be adapted to the in vivo mechanical stresses in bone at the level of its microstructure. However, questions remain about the precise mechanism by which this is achieved. By application of scanning x-ray diffraction with a micron-sized synchrotron beam, along with measurements of local mineral crystallographic axis direction, we reconstruct the three-dimensional orientation of the mineralized fibrils within a single osteon lamella (∼5 μm). We find that the mineralized collagen fibrils spiral around the central axis with varying degrees of tilt, which would — structurally — impart high extensibility to the osteon. As a consequence, strains inside the osteon would have to be taken up by means of shear between the fibrils.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Nature’s hierarchical materials
Peter Fratzl,Richard Weinkamer +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the basic principles involved in designing hierarchical biological materials, such as cellular and composite architectures, adapative growth and as well as remodeling, are discussed, and examples that are found to utilize these strategies include wood, bone, tendon, and glass sponges.
Journal ArticleDOI
Bone mineralization density distribution in health and disease
TL;DR: BMDD measurements combined with other scanning techniques like nanoindentation, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and small angle X-ray scattering can provide important insights into the structure-function relation of the bone matrix, and ultimately a better prediction of fracture risk in diseases, and after treatment.
Journal ArticleDOI
Composites Reinforced in Three Dimensions by Using Low Magnetic Fields
TL;DR: It is shown that micrometer-sized reinforcing particles coated with minimal concentrations of superparamagnetic nanoparticles can be controlled by using ultralow magnetic fields to produce synthetic composites with tuned three-dimensional orientation and distribution of reinforcements.
Journal ArticleDOI
On the Mechanistic Origins of Toughness in Bone
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review the structure and properties of bone, focusing on mechanical deformation and fracture behavior from the perspective of the multidimensional hierarchical nature of its structure and derive its resistance to fracture with a multitude of deformation mechanisms at many size scales ranging from the nanoscale structure of protein molecules to the macroscopic physiological scale.
On the Mechanistic Origins of Toughness in Bone
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review the structure and properties of bone, focusing on mechanical deformation and fracture behavior from the perspective of the multidimensional hierarchical nature of its structure and derive its resistance to fracture with a multitude of deformation mechanisms at many size scales ranging from the nanoscale structure of protein molecules to the macroscopic physiological scale.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Two-dimensional detector software: From real detector to idealised image or two-theta scan
TL;DR: Calibration methods and software have been developed for single crystal diffraction experiments, using both approaches for calibrate, and apply corrections, to obtain accurate angle and intensity information.
Journal ArticleDOI
THE MATERIAL BONE: Structure-Mechanical Function Relations
S. Weiner,Hanoch Daniel Wagner +1 more
TL;DR: The structure-mechanical relations at each of the hierarchical levels of organization are reviewed, highlighting wherever possible both underlying strategies and gaps in the authors' knowledge.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mechanical properties and the hierarchical structure of bone
TL;DR: Further investigations of mechanical properties at the "materials level", in addition to the studies at the 'structural level' are needed to fill the gap in present knowledge and to achieve a complete understanding of the mechanical properties of bone.
Book
Bones: Structure and Mechanics
TL;DR: Copiously illustrated, engagingly written, and assuming little in the way of prior knowledge or mathematical background, Bones is both an ideal introduction to the field and also a reference sure to be frequently consulted by practicing researchers.
Journal ArticleDOI
Lamellar bone: structure-function relations.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the structure-mechanical relations of one bone structural type, lamellar bone, and show that most of the intrinsic mechanical properties are built into the structure.