Journal ArticleDOI
State-of-the-art crowd motion simulation models
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TLDR
This paper provides a broad, but not exhaustive overview of the crowd motion simulation models of the last decades and argues that any model used for crowd simulation should be able to simulate most of the phenomena indicated in this paper.Abstract:
Currently, pedestrian simulation models are used to predict where, when and why hazardous high density crowd movements arise. However, it is questionable whether models developed for low density situations can be used to simulate high density crowd movements. The objective of this paper is to assess the existent pedestrian simulation models with respect to known crowd phenomena in order to ascertain whether these models can indeed be used for the simulation of high density crowds and to indicate any gaps in the field of pedestrian simulation modeling research. This paper provides a broad, but not exhaustive overview of the crowd motion simulation models of the last decades. It is argued that any model used for crowd simulation should be able to simulate most of the phenomena indicated in this paper. In the paper cellular automata, social force models, velocity-based models, continuum models, hybrid models, behavioral models and network models are discussed. The comparison shows that the models can roughly be divided into slow but highly precise microscopic modeling attempts and very fast but behaviorally questionable macroscopic modeling attempts. Both sets of models have their use, which is highly dependent on the application the model has originally been developed for. Yet, for practical applications, that need both precision and speed, the current pedestrian simulation models are inadequate.read more
Citations
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Microscopic modelling of walking behaviour
TL;DR: The developed model (Nomad) describes pedestrians as individuals that minimise walking efforts and is expanded including behaviours that correspond to activities performed in pedestrian facilities such as train stations and airports.
Journal ArticleDOI
Elevated Desired Speed and Change in Desired Direction: Effects on Collective Pedestrian Flow Characteristics
TL;DR: Existing models that have been calibrated and validated for normal walking conditions may not be suitable for predicting collective behaviors when the desired walking speed is higher (e.g., evacuation, panic).
Analysis and Modelling of Pedestrian Movement Dynamics at Large-scale Events
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyse the operational movement dynamics of pedestrians in crowds at several large music and sport events in the Netherlands and extract the key crowd movement phenomena, and develop a conceptual model and an assessment framework for pedestrian simulation models specifically to describe and simulate this type of movement dynamics.
Journal ArticleDOI
A generalized validation procedure for pedestrian models
TL;DR: Two validation exercises with the pedestrian models named FDS+Evac and JuPedSim are performed based on a well-controlled pedestrian experiment and a comprehensive combination of multiple characteristics is used to enhance the reliability of validation results.
Spatial Fluctuations of Pedestrian Velocities in Bidirectional Streams: Exploring the Effects of Self-Organization
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the spatial fluctuations of pedestrian velocities in bidirectional streams and find that individual pedestrian velocity vary largely over time and space depending on the crowd size, location of individuals within the crowd, and formation of self-organized lanes.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Social Force Model for Pedestrian Dynamics
Dirk Helbing,Péter Molnár +1 more
TL;DR: Computer simulations of crowds of interacting pedestrians show that the social force model is capable of describing the self-organization of several observed collective effects of pedestrian behavior very realistically.
Journal ArticleDOI
Simulating dynamical features of escape panic
TL;DR: A model of pedestrian behaviour is used to investigate the mechanisms of panic and jamming by uncoordinated motion in crowds, and an optimal strategy for escape from a smoke-filled room is found, involving a mixture of individualistic behaviour and collective ‘herding’ instinct.
Journal ArticleDOI
Traffic and related self-driven many-particle systems
Dirk Helbing,Dirk Helbing +1 more
TL;DR: This article considers the empirical data and then reviews the main approaches to modeling pedestrian and vehicle traffic, including microscopic (particle-based), mesoscopic (gas-kinetic), and macroscopic (fluid-dynamic) models.
Book
Relations in Public: Microstudies of the Public Order
TL;DR: For instance, the authors argues that the way strangers relate in public is part of a design by which friends and acquaintances manage their relationship in the presence of bystanders, and argues that, taken together, this forms part of an inquiry into the rules for co-mingling, or public order.