![Figure 17: ZRP architecture [106].](/figures/figure-17-zrp-architecture-106-1cywhi48.webp)
![Figure 2: (a) Reverse path formation: the reverse path is set up from all the nodes back to the source through RREQ message traveling in the network. (b) Forward path formation: the forward path is constructed as the RREP message from the destination node D to source node S. The source node start sending data when it received the first RREP message to the sender [94].](/figures/figure-2-a-reverse-path-formation-the-reverse-path-is-set-up-37wrqlru.webp)
![Figure 7: Algorithm flowchart of CA-AODV [48]. This figure shows that if the node does not have a pre-assigned channel, the channel will be chosen randomly from the list of available channels.](/figures/figure-7-algorithm-flowchart-of-ca-aodv-48-this-figure-shows-3jk0yzo0.webp)
![Figure 27: Two node disjoint path from nodes A and B to the drain, computed independently by each node [99].](/figures/figure-27-two-node-disjoint-path-from-nodes-a-and-b-to-the-g1pfuo92.webp)
![Figure 16: Example routing zone with ρ = 2 [106].](/figures/figure-16-example-routing-zone-with-r-2-106-2h9vwosn.webp)
Q2. What are some of the advantages of discovering multiple paths?
The main advantage of discovering multiple paths is that the bandwidth between links is used more effectively with greater delivery reliability.
Q3. What is the ubiquitous way of networking with mobile nodes?
Wireless local area networks based on the 802.11a,b,g and n standards became one of the most ubiquitous ways of networking with mobile nodes.
Q4. What is the mechanism used to build the reputation of each node?
The mechanism is trustworthy and builds the reputation of each node with a set of forwarding policies while avoiding unreliable routes and balance network utilization simultaneously.
Q5. What is the use of location independent addressing?
the location independent addressing is used by TLR; on the other hand, TRR uses direct paths, perimeter modes and anchors.
Q6. What is the main problem with source routing?
The main problem with source routing is the fact that large amounts of overhead is generated by storing the entire route in the packet itself.
Q7. What is the proposed strategy for minimizing the near-far effect?
The proposed strategies try to mitigate the near-far effect at the network layer by making appropriate selections of routes within the network instead of using more sophisticated power control techniques.
Q8. What is the error statistic used to calculate the maximum expectation for each node?
Using the error statistic, the objective function calculates a maximum expectation for each node in which the nodes with the highest expectation are chosen as the next node for packet forwarding.
Q9. What are some other protocols that do not establish a core?
Other protocols do not establish a core but consider the available resources of the nodes on a case-by-case basis: energy efficient multicast routing [69] and PPMA[95] where energy is part of the probabilistic link cost.
Q10. What are the weights assigned to different routes during route discovery?
Weights are assigned to different routes during route discovery using the route expiration time (RET), the error count (EC) and the hop count (HC).
Q11. What is the assumption that nodes in the backbone will use table driven routing?
The assumption is that nodes in the backbone will use table driven routing, while nodes outside the backbone will be reached with source initiated routing.
Q12. What is the metric used to determine the mobility level of nodes in a network?
Mobility aware protocol synthesis for efficient routing [9]: Bamis et al. propose a new stability metric to determine the mobility level of nodes in a network.
Q13. Why are these types of protocols not suitable for highly dynamic networks?
These types of protocols are not suitable for highly dynamic networks due to the extra control overhead generated to keep the routing tables consistent and fresh for each node in the network.