Q2. What is the key aspect of the design and use of policy tools?
The strong contextual nature of the choice and specification of policy instruments is a crucial aspect in the design and use of policy tools
Q3. What is the recent example of political contestation and adversarial party politics during the phase?
One of the most recent examples of strong popular contestation and adversarial party politics during the phase of formulation of innovation policy instruments is the proposal for a directive on software patents in the European Union.
Q4. What is the important issue to analyze when looking at the then different activities in an innovation system?
When looking at the then different activities in an innovation system, a relevant issue is to analyze is the appropriate balance between demand-side innovation policy instruments and supply side instruments, mentioned in section 4.
Q5. What is the importance of identifying the important causes of the problems identified?
In order to be able to design innovation policy instruments to mitigate the problems identified, it is also necessary to know the most important causes of the problems identified.
Q6. What are the common sources of information for the identification of problems in the innovation system?
Innovation indicators come typically from a variety of9regular statistical series at national and international levels (the most famous set of international indicators is based on the ‘Oslo manual’ and the OECD’s own statistical series), or from innovation surveys, which provide more detailed and firm-based data about innovation trends.
Q7. What does the author mean by "A linear supply-push view"?
Concentrating only on R&D and financing may lead - or rather, actually leads to - a linear supply-push view on the innovation process and innovation policy.
Q8. What were the three countries' objectives for developing their ICT industry?
These three countries targeted specific goals for developing physical infrastructures, invested in education, deregulated markets (notably Telecommunications) and paid special attention to small and medium size companies, as the engines of ICT sector economic growth.
Q9. What are the widely used sources of information for the identification of problems in the innovation system?
The most widely used, and perhaps the most influential, sources of information for the identification of problems in the innovation system are innovation indicators.
Q10. What does the article say about the use of policy instruments in the innovation system?
If there is lack of demand for certain product innovations, then a specific set of demand-side instruments such as public procurement for innovation and specific regulations can be used in an instrument mix that targets that specific problem.
Q11. What is the important source of information for innovation policy-making?
7A second source of information for innovation policy-making is foresight exercises, which produce expert-based analyses of future trends in specific technological fields.
Q12. What is the common example of an extensively used source of information in innovation policy-making?
but not least, another example of an extensively used source of information in innovation policy-making these days is independent expert assessment of innovation policy performance (e.g. evaluation of policies), which is typically done in national contexts.
Q13. What are the main types of cooperation between the public and private actors?
These instruments are very diverse, but generally based on persuasion, on the mutual exchange of information among actors, and on less hierarchical forms of cooperation between the public and the private actors.