Journal ArticleDOI
The Coevolution of Parochial Altruism and War
Jung-Kyoo Choi,Samuel Bowles +1 more
TLDR
It is shown that under conditions likely to have been experienced by late Pleistocene and early Holocene humans, neither parochialism nor altruism would have been viable singly, but by promoting group conflict, they could have evolved jointly.Abstract:
Altruism—benefiting fellow group members at a cost to oneself—and parochialism—hostility toward individuals not of one9s own ethnic, racial, or other group—are common human behaviors. The intersection of the two—which we term “parochial altruism”—is puzzling from an evolutionary perspective because altruistic or parochial behavior reduces one9s payoffs by comparison to what one would gain by eschewing these behaviors. But parochial altruism could have evolved if parochialism promoted intergroup hostilities and the combination of altruism and parochialism contributed to success in these conflicts. Our game-theoretic analysis and agent-based simulations show that under conditions likely to have been experienced by late Pleistocene and early Holocene humans, neither parochialism nor altruism would have been viable singly, but by promoting group conflict, they could have evolved jointly.read more
Citations
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疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]/Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
TL;DR: PfPMP1)与感染红细胞、树突状组胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用,在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作�ly.
Journal ArticleDOI
Antisocial Punishment Across Societies
TL;DR: The results show that punishment opportunities are socially beneficial only if complemented by strong social norms of cooperation, and that weak norms of civic cooperation and the weakness of the rule of law in a country are significant predictors of antisocial punishment.
Journal ArticleDOI
Egalitarianism in young children
TL;DR: It is shown that young children’s other-regarding preferences assume a particular form, inequality aversion that develops strongly between the ages of 3 and 8, which indicates that human egalitarianism and parochialism have deep developmental roots.
Journal ArticleDOI
ReviewFeature ReviewHuman cooperation
David G. Rand,Martin A. Nowak +1 more
TL;DR: It is shown that automatic, intuitive responses favor cooperative strategies that reciprocate: it is argued that this behavior reflects the overgeneralization of cooperative strategies learned in the context of direct and indirect reciprocity.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Neuropeptide Oxytocin Regulates Parochial Altruism in Intergroup Conflict Among Humans
Carsten K. W. De Dreu,Lindred L. Greer,Michel J. J. Handgraaf,Shaul Shalvi,Gerben A. van Kleef,Matthijs Baas,Femke S. Ten Velden,Eric van Dijk,Sander W. W. Feith +8 more
TL;DR: Results showed that oxytocin drives a “tend and defend” response in that it promoted in-group trust and cooperation, and defensive, but not offensive, aggression toward competing out-groups, so there may be a neurobiological basis for intergroup conflict in humans.
References
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疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]/Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
TL;DR: PfPMP1)与感染红细胞、树突状组胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用,在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作�ly.
Journal ArticleDOI
The nature of human altruism
Ernst Fehr,Urs Fischbacher +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors point out that current gene-based evolutionary theories cannot explain important patterns of human altruism, pointing towards the importance of both theories of cultural evolution as well as gene-culture co-evolution.
Posted Content
The nature of human altruism
Ernst Fehr,Urs Fischbacher +1 more
TL;DR: Current gene-based evolutionary theories cannot explain important patterns of human altruism, pointing towards the importance of both theories of cultural evolution as well as gene–culture co-evolution.
Journal ArticleDOI
The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior.
Sally McBrearty,Alison S. Brooks +1 more
TL;DR: The African Middle and early Late Pleistocene hominid fossil record is fairly continuous and in it can be recognized a number of probably distinct species that provide plausible ancestors for H. sapiens, and suggests a gradual assembling of the package of modern human behaviors in Africa, and its later export to other regions of the Old World.
Journal ArticleDOI
Parochial altruism in humans
TL;DR: Punishment experiments, which allow ‘impartial’ observers to punish norm violators, with indigenous groups in Papua New Guinea, show that these experiments confirm the prediction of parochialism and indicate the need to explicitly examine the interactions between individuals stemming from different groups in evolutionary models.