The Electrical Structure of Two Supercell Storms during STEPS

TLDR: In this paper, the authors made balloon soundings through two supercell storms during the Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study (STEPS) in summer 2000 and found that the strong updraft had fewer vertically separated charge regions than found near the rainy downdraft, and the lowest charge was elevated higher, its bottom being near the 40-dBZ boundary of the weak-echo vault.

Abstract: Balloon soundings were made through two supercell storms during the Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study (STEPS) in summer 2000. Instruments measured the vector electric field, temperature, pressure, relative humidity, and balloon location. For the first time, soundings penetrated both the strong updraft and the rainy downdraft region of the same supercell storm. In both storms, the strong updraft had fewer vertically separated charge regions than found near the rainy downdraft, and the updraft’s lowest charge was elevated higher, its bottom being near the 40-dBZ boundary of the weak-echo vault. The simpler, elevated charge structure is consistent with the noninductive graupel–ice mechanism dominating charge generation in updrafts. In the weak-echo vault, the amount of frozen precipitation and the time for particle interactions are too small for significant charging. Inductive charging mechanisms and lightning may contribute to the additional charge regions found at lower a...