Journal ArticleDOI
The Implications of Research on Expertise for Curriculum and Pedagogy
TLDR
In this article, the authors evaluate research on experts' cognition, the accuracy of experts' self-reports, and the efficacy of instruction based on expert's self-reported information.Abstract:
Instruction on problem solving in particular domains typically relies on explana- tions from experts about their strategies. However, research indicates that such self-reports often are incomplete or inaccurate (e.g., Chao & Salvendy, 1994; Cooke & Breedin, 1994). This article evaluates research on experts' cognition, the accuracy of experts' self-reports, and the efficacy of instruction based on experts' self-reports. Analysis of this evidence indi- cates that experts' free recall of strategies introduces errors and omissions into instructional materials that hinder student success. In contrast, when experts engage in structured knowl- edge elicitation techniques (e.g., cognitive task analysis), the resultant instruction is more effective. Based on these findings, the article provides a theoretical explanation of experts' self-report errors and discusses implications for the continued improvement of instructional design processes.read more
Citations
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International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences (vol. 10)
N.J. Smelser,Paul B. Baltes +1 more
Cognitive task analysis
TL;DR: This chapter presents an overview of the current state of cognitive task analysis (CTA) in research and practice, and describes research on the impact of CTA and synthesizes a number of studies and reviews pertinent to issues underlying knowledge elicitation.
Journal ArticleDOI
In the eyes of the beholder: How experts and novices interpret dynamic stimuli
TL;DR: The authors examined expertise differences in perceiving and interpreting complex, dynamic visual stimuli on a performance and on a process level, including perceptual and conceptual strategies, and found that experts compared to novices attend more to relevant aspects of the stimulus, use more heterogeneous task approaches, and use knowledge-based shortcuts.
Journal ArticleDOI
Example-Based Learning: Integrating Cognitive and Social-Cognitive Research Perspectives
TL;DR: This paper reviewed the contributions of the research on both types of example-based learning on questions such as why examplebased learning is effective, for what kinds of tasks and learners, and how examples should be designed and delivered to students to optimize learning.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cognitive Load and Classroom Teaching: The Double-Edged Sword of Automaticity
TL;DR: This paper reviewed findings from the research on teaching and teacher education through the lens of a dual-process model and emphasized the role that cognitive load plays in driving teaching performance, highlighting the salience of automaticity and its relationship with cognitive overload.
References
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Book
Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
Amos Tversky,Daniel Kahneman +1 more
TL;DR: The authors described three heuristics that are employed in making judgements under uncertainty: representativeness, availability of instances or scenarios, and adjustment from an anchor, which is usually employed in numerical prediction when a relevant value is available.
Journal ArticleDOI
Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that people are sometimes unaware of the existence of a stimulus that influenced a response, unaware of its existence, and unaware that the stimulus has affected the response.
Journal ArticleDOI
The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance.
TL;DR: A theoretical framework is proposed that explains expert performance in terms of acquired characteristics resulting from extended deliberate practice and that limits the role of innate (inherited) characteristics to general levels of activity and emotionality.
Book
Steps to an Ecology of Mind
TL;DR: Gregory Bateson was a philosopher, anthropologist, photographer, naturalist, and poet, as well as the husband and collaborator of Margaret Mead as discussed by the authors, and his major work will continue to delight and inform generations of readers.
Journal ArticleDOI
Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory.
TL;DR: Tested the 2-process theory of detection, search, and attention presented by the current authors (1977) in a series of experiments and demonstrated the qualitative difference between 2 modes of information processing: automatic detection and controlled search.