Journal ArticleDOI
The measurement of the etic aspects of individualism and collectivism across cultures
Harry C. Triandis,Robert Bontempo,Hector Betancourt,Michael Harris Bond,Kwok Leung,Abelando Brenes,James Georgas,C. Harry Hui,Gerardo Marin,Bernadette N. Setiadi,Jai B. P. Sinha,Jyoti Verma,John Spangenberg,Hubert Touzard,Germaine de Montmollin +14 more
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TLDR
The dimension of individualism-collectivism, as identified by Hofstede (1980), was studied using items developed both theoretically and emically in nine diverse cultures in this paper.Abstract:
The dimension of individualism-collectivism, as identified by Hofstede (1980), was studied using items developed both theoretically and emically in nine diverse cultures. The dimension was found to be analysable into four stable etic factors: Individualism had two aspects (Separation from Ingroups and Self-Reliance with Hedonism) and collectivism had two aspects (Family Integrity and Interdependence with Sociability). These four factors are orthogonal to each other. The location of nine cultures on these four factors was used to compute a “collectivism” score which correlated r = + · 73 with Hofstede's (1980) collectivism scores for the nine cultures. This approach enables the measurement of individualism-collectivism in each culture as well as across cultures, and shows that different methods for measuring individualism-collectivism converge.read more
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Rethinking individualism and collectivism: evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses.
TL;DR: European Americans were found to be both more individualistic-valuing personal independence more-and less collectivistic-feeling duty to in-groups less-than others, and among Asians, only Chinese showed large effects, being both less individualistic and more collectivist.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Self and Social Behavior in Differing Cultural Contexts
TL;DR: In this article, three dimensions of cultural variation (collectivism, tightness-looseness, cultural complexity) are discussed in relation to the sampling of these three aspects of the self.
Journal ArticleDOI
Measuring organizational cultures: A qualitative and quantitative study across twenty cases.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the results of a study on organizational cultures in twenty units from ten different organizations in Denmark and the Netherlands, which came from in-depth interviews of selected informants and a questionnaire survey of a stratified random sample of organizational members.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Measurement of Independent and Interdependent Self-Construals
TL;DR: The Self-Construal Scale as discussed by the authors measures the strength of an individual's interdependent and independent self-construals by measuring the two dimensions of self-image, i.e., connectedness and relations often found in non-western cultures and the separateness and uniqueness of the individual stressed in the West.
Journal ArticleDOI
Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life
John Higham,Robert N. Bellah,Richard Madsen,William M. Sullivan,Ann Swidler,Steven M. Tipton +5 more
TL;DR: In their new Introduction, the authors relate the argument of their book both to the current realities of American society and to the growing debate about the country's future as mentioned in this paper, which is a new immediacy.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Social support as a moderator of life stress
TL;DR: It appears that social support can protect people in crisis from a wide variety of pathological states: from low birth weight to death, from arthritis through tuberculosis to depression, alcoholism, and the social breakdown syndrome.
Book
Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life
TL;DR: In their new Introduction, the authors relate the argument of their book both to the current realities of American society and to the growing debate about the country's future as discussed by the authors, and the authors' antidote to the American sicknessa quest for democratic community that draws on our diverse civic and religious traditions.
Journal ArticleDOI
Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life
John Higham,Robert N. Bellah,Richard Madsen,William M. Sullivan,Ann Swidler,Steven M. Tipton +5 more
TL;DR: In their new Introduction, the authors relate the argument of their book both to the current realities of American society and to the growing debate about the country's future as mentioned in this paper, which is a new immediacy.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Analysis of Subjective Culture.
William W. Lambert,Harry C. Triandis,Vasso Vassiliou,George Vassiliou,Yasumasa Tanaka,A. V. Shanmugam +5 more
Journal ArticleDOI
Individualism-Collectivism: A Study of Cross-Cultural Researchers
C. Harry Hui,Harry C. Triandis +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a sample of psychologists and anthropologists from all parts of the world was asked to respond to a questionnaire the way they believe an individualist and a collectivist would respond.