Journal ArticleDOI
The rodent estrous cycle: characterization of vaginal cytology and its utility in toxicological studies
TLDR
In this article, the authors present a non-invasive procedure for obtaining a vaginal smear, which can be easily performed in fresh, unstained smears, or in fixed, stained ones.Abstract:
While an evaluation of the estrous cycle in laboratory rodents can be a useful measure of the integrity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian reproductive axis, it can also serve as a way of insuring that animals exhibiting abnormal cycling patterns are disincluded from a study prior to exposure to a test compound. Assessment of vaginal cytology in regularly cycling animals also provides a means to establish a comparable endocrine milieu for animals at necropsy. The procedure for obtaining a vaginal smear is relatively non-invasive and is one to which animals can become readily accustomed. It requires few supplies, and with some experience the assessments can be easily performed in fresh, unstained smears, or in fixed, stained ones. When incorporated as an adjunct to other endpoint measures, a determination of a female's cycling status can contribute important information about the nature of a toxicant insult to the reproductive system. In doing so, it can help to integrate the data into a more comprehensive mechanistic portrait of the effect, and in terms of risk assessment, may provide some indication of a toxicant's impact on human reproductive physiology.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Vaginal Cytology of the Laboratory Rat and Mouse Review and Criteria for the Staging of the Estrous Cycle Using Stained Vaginal Smears
TL;DR: The aim of this review is to provide a detailed description, discussion, and illustration of vaginal cytology of the rat and mouse estrous cycle as it appears on smears stained with metachromatic stains.
Journal ArticleDOI
Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: Sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior.
Kelly M. Dumais,Alexa H. Veenema +1 more
TL;DR: This review discusses the evidence showing the presence or absence of sex differences in VP and OT receptors in rodents and humans, as well as showing new data of sexually dimorphic V1a receptor binding in the rat brain.
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Granulosa cell-specific androgen receptors are critical regulators of ovarian development and function.
Aritro Sen,Stephen R. Hammes +1 more
TL;DR: Together, the data indicate that nearly all reproductive phenotypes observed in global ARKO mice can be explained by the lack of AR expression in GCs, which appear to promote preantral follicle growth and prevent follicular atresia; thus they are essential for normal follicular development and fertility.
Journal ArticleDOI
Generation of a microglial developmental index in mice and in humans reveals a sex difference in maturation and immune reactivity: HANAMSAGAR et al.
Richa Hanamsagar,Mark D. Alter,Carina S. Block,Haley Sullivan,Jessica L. Bolton,Staci D. Bilbo,Staci D. Bilbo +6 more
TL;DR: A microglia‐specific gene expression program in mice was used to create a microglial developmental index, which was applied to human datasets containing heterogeneous cell types to reveal differences between healthy and diseased brain samples, and between males and females.
Journal ArticleDOI
Generation of a microglial developmental index in mice and in humans reveals a sex difference in maturation and immune reactivity
Richa Hanamsagar,Mark D. Alter,Carina S. Block,Haley Sullivan,Jessica L. Bolton,Staci D. Bilbo +5 more
TL;DR: A microglia-specific gene expression program in mice was identified that was used to create a microglial developmental index, which was applied to human datasets containing heterogeneous cell types to reveal differences between healthy and diseased brain samples, and between males and females.
References
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Book
The oestrous cycle in the rat and its associated phenomena
Joseph A. Long,Herbert M. Evans +1 more
Journal ArticleDOI
Estrogenic activity of octylphenol, nonylphenol, bisphenol A and methoxychlor in rats.
TL;DR: In vivo studies indicated that the 3-day uterotrophic assay in prepubertal rats was the best method for detecting estrogenic activity when compared with all other end points, based upon the dose-response data for ethynyl estradiol and 4-tert-octylphenol.
Journal ArticleDOI
The existence of a typical oestrous cycle in the guinea-pig—with a study of its histological and physiological changes
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An Ovarian Hormone: Preliminary Report on Its Localization, Extraction and Partial Purification, and Action in Test Animals
Edgar Allen,Edward A. Doisy +1 more
TL;DR: There appears to be no conclusive evidence of either a definite localization of the hypothetic hormone or of the specific effect claimed for the commercial ovarian extracts in the belief that therapeutic effects were being secured from accompanying hormones.
Journal ArticleDOI
Pesticide exposure: the hormonal function of the female reproductive system disrupted?
TL;DR: Information on the ways in which pesticides may disrupt the hormonal function can be used to generate specific hypotheses for studies on the effects of pesticides on the ovarian cycle, both in toxicological and epidemiological settings.