Open Access
Transgender health 1 Transgender people: health at the margins of society
Sam Winter,Milton Diamond,Jamison Green,Dan H. Karasic,Terry Reed,Stephen Whittle,Kevan Wylie +6 more
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TLDR
The social and legal conditions in which many transgender people live, and the medical perspectives that frame the provision of health care for transgender people across much of the world are examined.Abstract:
In this paper we examine the social and legal conditions in which many transgender people (often called trans people) live, and the medical perspectives that frame the provision of health care for transgender people across much of the world. Modern research shows much higher numbers of transgender people than were apparent in earlier clinicbased studies, as well as biological factors associated with gender incongruence. We examine research showing that many transgender people live on the margins of society, facing stigma, discrimination, exclusion, violence, and poor health. They often experience diffi culties accessing appropriate health care, whether specifi c to their gender needs or more general in nature. Some governments are taking steps to address human rights issues and provide better legal protection for transgender people, but this action is by no means universal. The mental illness perspective that currently frames health-care provision for transgender people across much of the world is under scrutiny. The WHO diagnostic manual may soon abandon its current classifi cation of transgender people as mentally disordered. Debate exists as to whether there should be a diagnosis of any sort for transgender children below the age of puberty.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Global health burden and needs of transgender populations: a review
Sari L. Reisner,Sari L. Reisner,Sari L. Reisner,Tonia Poteat,JoAnne Keatley,Mauro Cabral,Tampose Mothopeng,Emilia E. Dunham,Emilia E. Dunham,Claire E. Holland,Ryan Max,Stefan Baral +11 more
TL;DR: There are sufficient data highlighting the unique biological, behavioural, social, and structural contextual factors surrounding health risks and resiliencies for transgender people, and the need to explicitly consider sex and gender pathways in epidemiological research and public health surveillance more broadly.
Journal ArticleDOI
Transgender Population Size in the United States: a Meta-Regression of Population-Based Probability Samples.
Esther L. Meerwijk,Jae Sevelius +1 more
TL;DR: A meta-regression model, based on 12 surveys covering 2007 to 2015, explained 62.5% of model heterogeneity, with a significant effect for each unit increase in survey year, suggested a current US population size of 390 adults per 100 000, or almost 1 million adults nationally.
Journal ArticleDOI
Elevated rates of autism, other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric diagnoses, and autistic traits in transgender and gender-diverse individuals
Varun Warrier,David M. Greenberg,David M. Greenberg,Elizabeth Weir,Clara Buckingham,Paula Smith,Meng-Chuan Lai,Meng-Chuan Lai,Meng-Chuan Lai,Carrie Allison,Simon Baron-Cohen +10 more
TL;DR: Five independently recruited cross-sectional datasets are used to identify elevated rates of autism diagnoses, diagnoses of other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions, and elevated traits related to autism in transgender and gender-diverse individuals, compared to cisgender individuals.
Journal ArticleDOI
Health of Transgender Adults in the U.S., 2014-2016.
TL;DR: Given the high burden of disabilities; poor mental health; and multiple chronic conditions among transgender (particularly gender-nonconforming) populations, supportive services and care coordination may be consequential levers for improving transgender health.
Journal ArticleDOI
The coin model of privilege and critical allyship: implications for health.
TL;DR: The Coin Model of Privilege and Critical Allyship is introduced, which explains how social structures produce both unearned advantage and disadvantage and embraces an intersectional approach to understand how systems of inequality interact with each other to produce complex patterns of privilege and oppression.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
TL;DR: There is substantial global variation in the relative burden of stroke compared with IHD, and the disproportionate burden from stroke for many lower-income countries suggests that distinct interventions may be required.
Journal ArticleDOI
Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender-Nonconforming People, Version 7
Eli Coleman,Walter O. Bockting,M. Botzer,Peggy T. Cohen-Kettenis,G. DeCuypere,Jamie L Feldman,Lin Fraser,Jennifer B. Green,Gail Knudson,Walter J. Meyer,Stan Monstrey,R. K. Adler,George R. Brown,Aaron Devor,R. Ehrbar,Randi Ettner,E. Eyler,Robert Garofalo,Dan H. Karasic,A. I. Lev,G. Mayer,Heino F. L. Meyer-Bahlburg,B. P. Hall,F. Pfaefflin,Katherine Rachlin,Beatrice “Bean” E. Robinson,Loren S. Schechter,Vin Tangpricha,M. van Trotsenburg,A. Vitale,Sam Winter,Stephen Whittle,Kevan Wylie,Kenneth J. Zucker +33 more
TL;DR: This version of the SOC recognizes that treatment for gender dysphoria has become more individualized, and can be used to help patients consider the full range of health services open to them, in accordance with their clinical needs and goals for gender expression.
Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey
TL;DR: The National Transgender Discrimination Survey was conducted by the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force and the National Center for Transgender Equality as discussed by the authors, which showed rampant discrimination in every area of life: education, employment, family life, public accommodations, housing, health, police and jails, and ID documents.
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Worldwide burden of HIV in transgender women: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Stefan Baral,Stefan Baral,Tonia Poteat,Susanne Strömdahl,Susanne Strömdahl,Andrea L. Wirtz,Thomas E. Guadamuz,Chris Beyrer +7 more
TL;DR: The findings suggest that transgender women are a very high burden population for HIV and are in urgent need of prevention, treatment, and care services.
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