Type 2 Diabetes in Youth: Epidemiology and Pathophysiology
Ebe D’Adamo,Sonia Caprio +1 more
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TLDR
The pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and the natural history of this pathology in obese children and adolescents is explored, which is associated with an increased lipid accumulation in visceral compartments, liver and muscle tissues and by reduced sensitivity of I²-cell of first and second-phase insulin secretion.Abstract:
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is significantly increased in the pediatric population, which is affected by obesity worldwide. The progression from normal glucose tolerance (NGT) to type 2 diabetes involves intermediate stages of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), also known as prediabetes. The pathophysiology underlying the development of these glucose metabolic alterations is multifactorial; however an alteration in the balance between insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion represents the most important player in the development of type 2 diabetes. Obese children and adolescents affected by IGT and type 2 diabetes are characterized by severe insulin resistance, which is associated with an increased lipid accumulation in visceral compartments, liver and muscle tissues and by reduced sensitivity of I²-cell of first and second-phase insulin secretion.
The progression in obese children of insulin resistance to type 2 diabetes has been shown to be faster than in adults; in addition, type 2 diabetes is already associated with several metabolic and cardiovascular complications in this age group.
In the present review, we summarize the most recent findings concerning the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in youth and in particular we explore the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and the natural history of this pathology in obese children and adolescents.
Concurrent with the worldwide epidemic increase of childhood obesity, type 2 diabetes and the two prediabetic conditions, IFG and IGT, are becoming increasingly more common in obese children and adolescents (1,2). Until 10 years ago, type 2 diabetes accounted for less than 3% of all cases of new-onset diabetes in adolescents. At present 45% of cases are attributed to it (3,4).
Type 2 diabetes occurs in youth more often during the second decade of life, coinciding with the physiological occurrence of pubertal insulin resistance (1). In addition, …read more
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Type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults
Nadia Lascar,James Brown,Helen M Pattison,Anthony H. Barnett,Anthony H. Barnett,Clifford J. Bailey,Srikanth Bellary +6 more
TL;DR: Evidence is accumulating that young-onset type 2 diabetes has a more aggressive disease phenotype, leading to premature development of complications, with adverse effects on quality of life and unfavourable effects on long-term outcomes, raising the possibility of a future public health catastrophe.
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Changing epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated chronic kidney disease
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Global trends in the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents : a systematic review and evaluation of methodological approaches
S. Fazeli Farsani,M. P. van der Aa,M. M. J. van der Vorst,Catherijne A. J. Knibbe,A. de Boer +4 more
TL;DR: Worldwide incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents vary substantially among countries, age categories and ethnic groups and this can be explained by variations in population characteristics and methodological dissimilarities between studies.
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Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Youth Exposed to Antipsychotics: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Britta Galling,Alexandra Roldán,René Ernst Nielsen,Jimmi Nielsen,Tobias Gerhard,Maren Carbon,Brendon Stubbs,Brendon Stubbs,Davy Vancampfort,Marc De Hert,Mark Olfson,Kai G. Kahl,Andrés Martin,Jeff J. Guo,Hsien-Yuan Lane,Fung-Chang Sung,Chun-Hui Liao,Celso Arango,Christoph U. Correll,Christoph U. Correll,Christoph U. Correll +20 more
TL;DR: Although T2DM seems rare in antipsychotic-exposed youth, cumulative risk and exposure-adjusted incidences and IRRs were significantly higher than in healthy controls and psychiatric controls.
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Early onset type 2 diabetes: risk factors, clinical impact and management:
Emma G. Wilmot,Iskandar Idris +1 more
TL;DR: A review on the impact of early onset T2DM provides the latest insights into this emerging epidemic with a need for multidisciplinary care of complications and comorbidities, in addition to adequate educational and psychological support.
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Journal ArticleDOI
Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Reduced β-Cell Function in Overweight Latino Children with a Positive Family History for Type 2 Diabetes
Michael I. Goran,Richard N. Bergman,Quintilia Ávila,Michael P. Watkins,Geoff D.C. Ball,Gabriel Q. Shaibi,Marc J. Weigensberg,Martha L. Cruz +7 more
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