Journal ArticleDOI
Warm-Up Strategies for Sport and Exercise: Mechanisms and Applications.
TLDR
Potential physiological mechanisms underpinning warm-ups and how they can affect subsequent exercise performance are identified, and recommendations for warm-up strategy design for specific individual and team sports are provided.Abstract:
It is widely accepted that warming-up prior to exercise is vital for the attainment of optimum performance. Both passive and active warm-up can evoke temperature, metabolic, neural and psychology-related effects, including increased anaerobic metabolism, elevated oxygen uptake kinetics and post-activation potentiation. Passive warm-up can increase body temperature without depleting energy substrate stores, as occurs during the physical activity associated with active warm-up. While the use of passive warm-up alone is not commonplace, the idea of utilizing passive warming techniques to maintain elevated core and muscle temperature throughout the transition phase (the period between completion of the warm-up and the start of the event) is gaining in popularity. Active warm-up induces greater metabolic changes, leading to increased preparedness for a subsequent exercise task. Until recently, only modest scientific evidence was available supporting the effectiveness of pre-competition warm-ups, with early studies often containing relatively few participants and focusing mostly on physiological rather than performance-related changes. External issues faced by athletes pre-competition, including access to equipment and the length of the transition/marshalling phase, have also frequently been overlooked. Consequently, warm-up strategies have continued to develop largely on a trial-and-error basis, utilizing coach and athlete experiences rather than scientific evidence. However, over the past decade or so, new research has emerged, providing greater insight into how and why warm-up influences subsequent performance. This review identifies potential physiological mechanisms underpinning warm-ups and how they can affect subsequent exercise performance, and provides recommendations for warm-up strategy design for specific individual and team sports.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Effects of Warm-Up, Post-Warm-Up, and Re-Warm-Up Strategies on Explosive Efforts in Team Sports: A Systematic Review.
TL;DR: Applying properly structured strategies in the warm-up and avoiding a long rest in the post-warm-up improves explosive performance.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sports and environmental temperature: From warming-up to heating-up
Sebastien Racinais,Sebastien Racinais,Scott Cocking,Scott Cocking,Julien D. Périard,Julien D. Périard +5 more
TL;DR: Recommendations are provided on how to build an effective warm-up following a 3 stage RAMP model (Raise, Activate and Mobilize, Potentiate), including general and context specific exercises, along with dynamic flexibility work.
Journal ArticleDOI
Nonlocalized postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) effects in trained athletes: a pilot study
Francisco Cuenca-Fernández,Ian C. Smith,Matthew J. Jordan,Brian R. MacIntosh,Gracia López-Contreras,Raúl Arellano,Walter Herzog +6 more
TL;DR: Since the test protocol of SJ and PPU involved upper and lower body activation and caused PAPE in SJ, future work is required to determine if a nonlocalized PAPE effect exists.
Journal ArticleDOI
Effects of warm‐up on hamstring muscles stiffness: Cycling vs foam rolling
Antonio J. Morales-Artacho,Antonio J. Morales-Artacho,Lilian Lacourpaille,Lilian Lacourpaille,Gaël Guilhem +4 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that the combined warm‐up elicited no acute superior effects on muscle stiffness compared with cycling, providing evidence for the key role of active warm-up to reduce muscle stiffness.
Journal ArticleDOI
Post-activation potentiation (PAP) in endurance sports: A review.
TL;DR: Evidence is presented for a better understanding of post-activation potentiation in endurance athletes and the physiological basis and methodological aspects necessary for better practices and designing further studies are discussed.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Match performance of high-standard soccer players with special reference to development of fatigue
TL;DR: Top-class soccer players performed more high-intensity running during a game and were better at the Yo-Yo test than moderate professional players; fatigue occurred towards the end of matches as well as temporarily during the game, independently of competitive standard and of team position; defenders covered a shorter distance in high- intensity running than players in other playing positions.
Book
Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology
Robert Weinberg,Daniel Gould +1 more
TL;DR: This chapter discusses motivation, group and team Dynamics, and leadership in the context of sport and exercise psychology.
Journal ArticleDOI
Excitability and inhibitibility of motoneurons of different sizes
TL;DR: It was concluded tentatively that the size or surface area of a motoneuron determines its excitability and hence its responsiveness to stretch-evoked impulses and if this conclusion is correct, it may infer that size is a prime determinant of excitability throughout the nervous system.
Journal ArticleDOI
Postactivation potentiation: role in human performance.
TL;DR: This review describes the features and mechanism of Postactivation potentiation, assesses its potential role in endurance and strength/speed performance, considers strategies for exploiting PAP, and outlines how PAP might be affected by training.
Journal ArticleDOI
Neural adaptation to resistance training: changes in evoked V-wave and H-reflex responses
TL;DR: The present data suggest that the increase in motoneuronal output induced by resistance training may comprise both supraspinal and spinal adaptation mechanisms (i.e., increased central motor drive, elevated motoneuron excitability, reduced presynaptic inhibition).