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When Morality Opposes Justice: Conservatives Have Moral Intuitions that Liberals May Not Recognize
Jonathan Haidt,Jesse Graham +1 more
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The authors argue that the moral domain is usually much broader, encompassing many more aspects of social life and valuing institutions as much or more than individuals, and present theoretical and empirical reasons for believing that there are in fact five psychological systems that provide the foundations for the world's many moralities.Abstract:
Researchers in moral psychology and social justice have agreed that morality is about matters of harm, rights, and justice. With this definition of morality, conservative opposition to social justice programs has appeared to be immoral, and has been explained as a product of various non-moral processes, such as system justification or social dominance orientation. In this article we argue that, from an anthropological perspective, the moral domain is usually much broader, encompassing many more aspects of social life and valuing institutions as much or more than individuals. We present theoretical and empirical reasons for believing that there are in fact five psychological systems that provide the foundations for the world's many moralities. The five foundations are psychological preparations for detecting and reacting emotionally to issues related to harm/care, fairness/reciprocity, ingroup/loyalty, authority/respect, and purity/sanctity. Political liberals have moral intuitions primarily based upon the first two foundations, and therefore misunderstand the moral motivations of political conservatives, who generally rely upon all five foundations.read more
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The WEIRDest People in the World
TL;DR: A review of the comparative database from across the behavioral sciences suggests both that there is substantial variability in experimental results across populations and that WEIRD subjects are particularly unusual compared with the rest of the species – frequent outliers.
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WEIRD languages have misled us, too [Comment on Henrich et al.]
Asifa Majid,Stephen C. Levinson +1 more
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Liberals and Conservatives Rely on Different Sets of Moral Foundations
TL;DR: Across 4 studies using multiple methods, liberals consistently showed greater endorsement and use of the Harm/care and Fairness/reciprocity foundations compared to the other 3 foundations, whereas conservatives endorsed and used the 5 foundations more equally.
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Mapping the Moral Domain
TL;DR: The Moral Foundations Questionnaire is developed on the basis of a theoretical model of 5 universally available (but variably developed) sets of moral intuitions and convergent/discriminant validity evidence suggests that moral concerns predict personality features and social group attitudes not previously considered morally relevant.
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Political ideology: Its structure, functions, and elective affinities
TL;DR: This review examines recent theory and research concerning the structure, contents, and functions of ideological belief systems and considers the consequences of ideology, especially with respect to attitudes, evaluations, and processes of system justification.
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The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism
TL;DR: In this paper, a model is presented to account for the natural selection of what is termed reciprocally altruistic behavior, and the model shows how selection can operate against the cheater (non-reciprocator) in the system.
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Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes.
TL;DR: Social dominance orientation (SDO), one's degree of preference for inequality among social groups, is introduced in this article, which is related to beliefs in a lag number of social and political ideologies that support group-based hierarchy and to support for policies that have implications for intergroup relations (e.g., war, civil rights, and social programs).