Showing papers on "Acetone published in 1981"

Ethanol production by thermophilic bacteria: metabolic control of end product formation in Thermoanaerobium brockii.

Abstract: Specific changes in the chemical and microbial composition of Thermoanaerobium brockii fermentations were compared and related to alterations of process rates, end product yields, and growth parameters. Fermentation of starch as compared with glucose was associated with significant decreases in growth rate and intracellular fructose-1,6-bisphosphate concentration and with a dramatic increase in the ethanol/lactate product ratio. Glucose or pyruvate fermentation in the presence of acetone was correlated with increased substrate consumption, growth (both rate and yield), acetate yield, and quantitative reduction of acetone to isopropanol in lieu of normal reduced fermentation products (i.e., H2, ethanol, lactate). Acetone altered pyruvate phosphoroclastic activity of cell extracts in that H2, lactate, and ethanol levels decreased, whereas the acetate concentration increased. Glucose fermentation in the presence of exogenous hydrogen was associated with inhibition of endogenous H2 production and either increased ethanol/acetate product ratios and decreased growth at less than 0.5 atm (51 kPa) of H2 or total growth inhibition at 1.0 atm (102 kPA). The effects of exogenous hydrogen on glucose fermentation were totally reversed by the addition of acetone. Glucose fermentation in coculture with Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum correlated with increased growth (both rate and yield), acetate yield, and the formation of methane in lieu of monoculture reduced products. In coculture, but not monoculture, T. brockii grew on ethanol as the energy source, and acetate and methane were the end products as a direct consequence of hydrogen consumption by the methanogen.

Non-production of acetone and butanol by Clostridiumacetobutylicum during glucose- and ammonium- limitation in continuous culture

Abstract: Normal amounts of acetone and butanol were formed during the fermentation of glucose in a defined minimal medium in pH-regulated batch cultures (pH 5.0). No solventogenesis occurred during glucose- or ammonium-limited growth in a chemostat. Moreover, the capacity to produce solvents appeared to be lost during growth in continuous culture, apparently together with the ability to form endospores.

Ion exchange catalyzed bisphenol synethesis

Abstract: An improved bis-phenol synthesis reactor system is provided using multiple acetone injection in an ion exchange catalyzed BPA synthesis process. This process results in an improved reactant effluent product distribution and color.

Inhalation pharmacokinetics based on gas uptake studies. II. Pharmacokinetics of acetone in rats.

Abstract: Inhalation pharmacokinetics of acetone in rats was studied using gas uptake techniques. Under conditions of negligible metabolism (saturation of metabolizing enzymes) the coefficient of distribution Keq between organism and gas phase was 220 which confirmed that acetone is mainly (but not exclusively) distributed within the body water compartment. The metabolic elimination of acetone from the animals followed strict Michaelis-Menten saturation kinetics; the km corresponded to 160 ppm in the atmosphere, Vmax was 230 mumol x h(-1) x kg(-1). A shift in the distribution pattern of acetone under conditions of prevalent metabolism was theoretically predicted and experimentally proven; as the partial process of metabolic elimination was dose-dependent, this "depleted" the animal compartment from acetone in a dose-dependent fashion causing a shift in the "steady-state-constant", Kst. Part of the acetone which was metabolically eliminated (4.7%) appeared in the urine as formate within 7 days after ending a 48-h exposure to acetone; this excretion was linear with time. The data suggested existence of a formate pool in the organism from which formate was released with delay. Hence, limitations may be inferred as to the applicability of urinary formate excretion as a quantitative indicator for changing conditions of acetone exposure.

Studies on suspension and emulsion. XLVI. Emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization of styrene in acetone–water

Abstract: Emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization of styrene in acetone–water medium was carried out using potassium persulfate as initiator. Below acetone content of 40 vol %, stable emulsion was prepared and polymerizations were remarkably fast compared with those in pure water. The particle size decreased from 0.5 to 0.17 μm with an increase in acetone content in the range 0–40 vol %, and the distributions were very sharp. The optimum polymerization for the preparation of the stable emulsion was: styrene, 20 vol %; acetone/water, 40/60 (v/v); KPS, 3.4 × 10−3 mole/l; temp., 90°C.

Blended fuels containing butyl alcohol acetone and methanol

Abstract: A blended fuel comprising (a) a gasoline, a gas oil or a fuel oil; (b) a mixture of butanol and acetone, optionally also containing isopropanol and/or ethanol; and (c) methanol; the mixture (b) being producible by fermentation of a hydrolysate obtained by hydrolyzing a cellulosic substrate by means of cellulolytic enzymes prepared by fermentation of a suitable organism such as bacteria of the Clostridium genus or fungi of the Sporotrichum, Polyporus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Myrothecium or Trichoderma genera.

Partial argentation resin chromatography (PARC): III. the effects of sodium ion incorporation and solvent on the separation of mixtures of fatty acids, of fatty esters, and of triglycerides

Abstract: Partial argentation resin chromatography (PARC) was used to separate mixtures of fatty acids, of fatty esters and of triglycerides. Various eluting solvents (methanol, acetone, ether, benzene) were investigated and acetone was the preferred solvent. To prevent acid-catalyzed condensation of the acetone, the sulfonic acid protons of the XN1010 resin were replaced with sodium ions before silver ion incorporation. Atomic absorbtion spectrophotometry was used to determine the number of silver ions incorporated per volume of resin. A mixture containing stearic, elaidic and oleic acids was separated on a saturated silver resin column. A commercially available sample of linoleic acid was purified on a 53% PARC column (meaning 53% of the available sulfonic acid protons in the resin were replaced by silver ions). A 39% PARC column was used to separate a mixture of linseed acids. Methyl linoleate, linolenate and arachi-donate also were isolated on a 39% PARC column. A mixture containing triolein, trilinolein and trilinolenin was separated on a 32% PARC column.

Method for making bisphenol

Abstract: A method is provided for making bisphenol-A based on the condensation of acetone and phenol in the presence of an ion-exchange resin. Improved yields of 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane is achieved by recycling bisphenol-A reaction mixture containing significant amounts of 2,4'-dihydroxy-2,2-diphenyl propane based on the use of a macroreticular ion-exchange resin.

Acetone on magnesia. An infrared and temperature programmed desorption study

Abstract: The i.r. spectra of acetone adsorbed on two samples of magnesia of different acidity were correlated with the products found in thermal desorption (300–1000 K). Desorption of methane was observed with the sample of higher basicity, MgO-II, in the high-temperature range and desorption of acetone at lower temperatures. With the other sample, MgO-I, acetone was the only species desorbed. The higher basicity of MgO-II is reflected in the i.r. spectra by a lower interaction strength with the surface hydroxyl groups, a higher downward shift of the CH wavenumber and the appearance of a CO band at 1660 cm–1. At the temperature of methane formation, CH bands assigned to acetate structures appear in the infrared spectrum. A mechanism of methane formation accounting for the importance of basic sites is proposed.

Microbial oxidation of gaseous hydrocarbons: production of alcohols and methyl ketones from their corresponding n-alkanes by methylotrophic bacteria

Abstract: Cell suspensions of methane-utilizing bacteria oxidized n-alkanes (propane, butane, pentane, and hexane) to their corresponding alcohols and methyl ketones. The product alcohols and methyl ketones accumulated extracellularly. Methanol-grown cells of methane-utilizing bacteria did not oxidize n-alkanes. The product primary alcohol was detected in a cell-free system but only in a trace amount in the whole cell system due to further oxidation. The optimum conditions for in vivo formation of secondary alcohol and methyl ketone from n-alkanes were compared between two distinct types of C1-utilizing microbes: Methylococcus capsulatus M1 (type I membrane) and Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b (type II membrane). The production of acetone or 2-butanone from n-alkanes ceased after 3 h of incubation for strain OB3b and 5 h for strain M1. The amount of these methyl ketones did not decline during 30 h of incubation. The optimum pH for the in vivo production of methyl ketones from n-alkanes by both strains was around 7.0. However, secondary alcohols were accumulated at higher amounts around pH 6.0. The optimum temperature for the in vivo production of methyl ketones from n-alkanes was around 40 degrees C for strain M1 and around 30-35 degrees C for strain OB3b. Higher accumulation of secondary alcohol was detected at 30-40 degrees C for strain M1 and 25 degrees C for strain OB3b. The alkane hydroxylation enzyme was located in the cell-free particulate fraction precipitated between 10 000 and 40 000 X g centrifugation. The yield of primary and secondary alcohols from n-alkane in the cell-free system was about equal. Evidence obtained indicates that the hydroxylation of n-alkanes (both terminal and subterminal oxidations) is also catalyzed by the methane hydroxylation - alkene epoxidation enzyme system.

Concise syntheses of 3-methylenetetrahydrofuran-2-one derivatives and related systems

Abstract: Using the Shapiro reaction, the title compounds were prepared in ‘one pot’ from the condensation of two ketones, or an aldehyde and a ketone, with carbon dioxide. For example, acetone 2,4,6-tri-isopropylbenzenesulphonylhydrazone was treated in sequence with n-butyl-lithium (–50 °C), acetone (–50 °C), n-butyl-lithium (–78 to 0 to –78 °C), carbon dioxide (–78 °C), and trifluoroacetic acid (25 °C) to give 5,5-dimethyl-3-methylenetrahydrofuran-2-one. The reaction was extended to prepare derivatives of 3-methylenetetrahydropyran-2-one and 3,5-dimethylenetetrahydrofuran-2-one.

O-(diphenylphosphinyl)hydroxylamine: preparation and some characteristic chemical reactions

Abstract: Hydroxylamine reacts with diphenylphosphinic chloride (1) in benzene (or aqueous dioxan) to give O-(diphenylphosphinyl)hydroxylamine (3) and not the N-phosphinyl compound (2) as was previously thought. Di-p-tolyl-,bis-p-methoxphenyl-, and phenyl-p-methoxphenyl-phosphinic chlorides are similarly attacked by the oxygen of hydroxylamine. The structures of the phosphinylhydroxylamines can be inferred from their chemical reactions; in particular they condense with acetone to give phosphinylacetone oximes (8) identical to those obtained from phosphinic chlorides and acetone oxime. Like O- sulphonylhydroxylamines, O-(diphenylphosphinyl)hydroxyl-amine form aminophosphonium and aminosulphonium salts with triphenylphosphine and dimethyl sulphide respectively.

Preparation of ω-123I-labelled fatty acids by 123I-for-Br exchange: Comparison of three methods

Abstract: Long chain ω-123-I-labelled fatty acids such as 16-I-hexadecanoic-, 17-I-heptadecanoic-, and 16-I-hexadec-9-enoic acid have been prepared without adding carrier by nucleophilic 123I-for-Br exchange in acetone, in the melt, and by use of phase transfer catalysts in non-polar solvents. While preparation in refluxing acetone required reaction times of more than 2 hours to reach saturation yields, halogen exchange in molten bromofatty acids at temperatures of about 150 °C gave rise to yields of about 80% of radiochemically pure 17-123I-heptadecanoic acid within only 5 minutes. Comparable yields were also obtained using Kryptofix 221 in refluxing toluene after 10 minutes.

Process for the recovery of pure acetone from cumene hydroperoxide cleavage reaction product

Abstract: Pure acetone is recovered from a crude acetone vapor fraction removed overhead from a first column separating phenol and higher boilers as a bottom fraction from a cumene hydroperoxide cleavage reaction product by partially condensing the crude acetone fraction, returning the condensed portion of the crude acetone fraction to the first column as reflux, feeding the remaining portion as a vapor to an intermediate point in a second distillation column to which there is also fed continuously at a point above the acetone feedpoint a dilute aqueous solution of an alkali, removing from the base of the second column a residue fraction comprising compounds boiling above acetone, removing from a point in the second column intermediate; between the alkali feedpoint and the top of the column as a liquid sidedraw fraction pure acetone having a permanganate time (PT) greater than 4 hours, and removing from the top of the second column as a vapor fraction acetone having a PT less than that of the sidedraw fraction, condensing the acetone vapor fraction and returning to the second column at a point above the liquid acetone sidedraw removal point a portion of the condensate as reflux.

Process for production of phenolic resin from bisphenol-A by-products

Abstract: A process for producing a phenolic resin comprising condensing a phenol component and an aldehyde component, characterized in that the phenol component comprises (high-molecular-weight phenolic compounds which are left after bisphenol A-containing by-products formed in the production of bisphenol A by condensing acetone and phenol in the presence of an acid catalyst are treated at a high temperature of at least 150° C. in the presence of an alkaline catalyst to remove low-boiling components therefrom.

Preparation of ketones

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for the preparation of ketones by a catalytic vapor phase reaction of using reactants such as ketones with carboxylic acids and/or carboxylic acid precursors. An example of such a reaction is that of acetone with pivalic acid over a ceria-alumina catalyst at a temperature of nearly 470° C. to produce pinacolone.

1,3-Dihydroxy acetone as an oxygen scavenger for water

Abstract: An improved method for scavenging dissolved oxygen from alkaline waters which comprises using dihydroxy acetone catalyzed with at least 1 percent based on the weight of said dihydroxy acetone, of a catalyst from the group consisting of hydroquinone and a water-soluble compound of manganese.

Breakdown of solid propellants and explosives, recovery of nitramines

Abstract: Processes for reclaiming nitramines from propellants by dissolution of therosslinked propellant binder by heating the propellant with either (1) a mixture of 2-aminoethanol, an aromatic solvent, and optionally a second low molecular weight alcohol, or (2) a mixture of a mineral acid (HCl, H2 SO4, and H3 PO4, but not HNO3), a organic solvent which is acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, or mixtures thereof, and water.

Process for the manufacture of soap

Abstract: An alkali metal salt of an organic carboxylic acid, i.e. a soap, is prepared by saponifying the corresponding organic carboxylic acid, its ester or mixtures thereof with a concentrated aqueous solution of alkali metal hydroxide in the presence of an inorganic salt, in a liquid reaction medium comprising acetone, separating the organic salt from the reaction medium and removing excess acetone from the organic salt. The inorganic salt, i.e. soap, so produced is in the form of a dry finely divided powder.

Method of making layered catalysts

Abstract: In a preferred embodiment a solution of a suitable noble metal compound in acetone or other C 1 to C 3 dialkyl ketone is used to selectively place a noble metal catalyst in a very thin layer on an alumina or base metal modified alumina carrier particle.

Artifact Formation In The Soxhlet Extraction Of Environmental Samples With Acetone

Abstract: A study was performed to confirm suspected artifactual formation of acetone derivatives during the Soxhlet extraction of soil samples with acetone The conditions employed simulated very closely those normally employed for the extraction of soils for neutral and moderately polar organic compounds such as pesticides A series of acidic, neutral, and basic organic-free soils were extracted with hexane/acetone solvent mixture and the extracts concentrated in a Kuderna-Danish apparatus The extracts were analyzed by capillary column gas chromatographic mass spectrometry In nearly all cases, simple dimeric products such as diacetonecohol and mesityl oxide were formed in varying amounts The acidified and basic soils yielded complex mixtures of dimers, trimers, tetramers and other complex homologs Some of the more common substances found include phorone, mesitylene and isophorone The latter substance is listed as an EPA priority pollutant

Flame retardant for polyurethane foam

Abstract: NEW MATERIAL:Compounds represented by formulas I and/or II, wherein R1-3 are 1-8C (halo)alkyl, Z' is methyl or ethyl, m is 0 or 1 and n is 0-2. EXAMPLE:Tris[di(chloroethoxy)phosphinyl(dimethyl)methyl] phosphate. USE:Flame retardant which, when added, provides polyurethane foams which change little with the lapse of time and keep flame retardancy for a long time. PREPARATION:The flame retardants represented by formulas I and/or II are prepared by oxidizing with peracetic acid or H2O2, the reaction product obtained by reacting a compound represented by the formula: (R1O)mPCl3-m with a tri(halo) alkyl phosphite represented by formula III, wherein T is (halo)alkyl, in acetone or methyl ethyl ketone. A flame-retardant polyurethane foam is obtained by adding 1-30pts.wt. of said flame retardant to 100pts.wt. of a polyol, and thereafter reacting the mixture with an organic polyisocyanate.

A Guide to Thin-Layer Chromatographic Systems for the Separation of Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2

Abstract: The separation of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 was compared on six commercial silica gel plates in twelve solvent systems. Two of the solvent systems, chloroform: acetone: ammonium hydroxide (90: 10: 0.25) and chloroform: acetone: hexane (85: 15: 20) resolved the four aflatoxins on all the tested plates. The solvent modifier played an important role in the resolution of these compounds. The effect of the hardness of the plate is also discussed.

An investigation of the acid properties of heteropoly acids in acetone and acetic acid by the electrical conductivity method

Abstract: 1. The authors have measured the electrical conductivity of heteropoly acids (HPA.) based on Mo(VI), W(VI), and V(V) with heteroatoms P and Si in acetone and acetic acid at 25°C. In acetone, H3PW12O40 and H4PW11VO40 are partially dissociated 3−1 electrolytes. In acetic acid, all the HPA investigated are 1-1 electrolytes. 2. Using the Fuoss-Edelson and Fuoss-Kraus methods they have calculated the thermodynamic dissociation constants and the limiting mobilities of HPA.

Purification of bis(alkylbenzylidene)sorbitol

Abstract: PURPOSE: To purify the titled compound useful as an additive for resins industrially advantageously, by heat-treating a crude reaction product of sorbitol and a benzaldehyde in a specific pH in the presence of an organic solvent so that unreacted substances and by-product are eliminated. CONSTITUTION: Sorbitol is dehydrated and condensed with benzaldehyde or an alkylbenzaldehyde in the presence of an acid catalyst to give a reaction product, which is heat-treated in a pH of ≥7 in the presence of a lower aliphatic ketone (e.g., acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, etc.), so that a compound shown by the formulaI(R is H or 1W3C alkyl; n is 1W3) is separated and purified. An alkali for making the pH ≥7 is NaOH, Na 2 CO 3 , KOH, etc. A by-product shown by the formula II is eliminated effectively by the purification, and unreacted sorbitol, benzaldehyde, etc. are also removed. The compound shown by the formulaI, having high purity as an additive for polyolefin resins useful as parts for foods or medical device, is obtained. COPYRIGHT: (C)1982,JPO&Japio