Showing papers on "Campesterol published in 2016"

Engineering Yarrowia lipolytica for Campesterol Overproduction.

Abstract: Campesterol is an important precursor for many sterol drugs, e.g. progesterone and hydrocortisone. In order to produce campesterol in Yarrowia lipolytica, C-22 desaturase encoding gene ERG5 was disrupted and the heterologous 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) encoding gene was constitutively expressed. The codon-optimized DHCR7 from Rallus norvegicus, Oryza saliva and Xenapus laevis were explored and the strain with the gene DHCR7 from X. laevis achieved the highest titer of campesterol due to D409 in substrate binding sites. In presence of glucose as the carbon source, higher biomass conversion yield and product yield were achieved in shake flask compared to that using glycerol and sunflower seed oil. Nevertheless, better cell growth rate was observed in medium with sunflower seed oil as the sole carbon source. Through high cell density fed-batch fermentation under carbon source restriction strategy, a titer of 453±24.7 mg/L campesterol was achieved with sunflower seed oil as the carbon source, which is the highest reported microbial titer known. Our study has greatly enhanced campesterol accumulation in Y. lipolytica, providing new insight into producing complex and desired molecules in microbes.

Activity of Corylus avellana seed oil in letrozole-induced polycystic ovary syndrome model in rats

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to assess the activity of the hazelnut oil in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome in rats. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, serum lipid parameters, leptin and glucose levels were evaluated. Moreover, antioxidant activity was tested using superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, catalase, glutathione peroxidase levels. The phytosterol content of the oil was determined by HPLC. The plasma high density lipoprotein-cholesterol level was found to be significantly high and leptin and glucose concentrations were found to be significantly low in the treatment group. According to the phytochemical analysis, the main components of the oil were detected as α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, squalene, β-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol. Corylus avellana oil was found to be effective in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome via regulating gonadotropins, steroids and serum lipid parameters and possesses antioxidant activity.

Phytosterol content and the campesterol:sitosterol ratio influence cotton fiber development: role of phytosterols in cell elongation

Abstract: Phytosterols play an important role in plant growth and development, including cell division, cell elongation, embryogenesis, cellulose biosynthesis, and cell wall formation. Cotton fiber, which undergoes synchronous cell elongation and a large amount of cellulose synthesis, is an ideal model for the study of plant cell elongation and cell wall biogenesis. The role of phytosterols in fiber growth was investigated by treating the fibers with tridemorph, a sterol biosynthetic inhibitor. The inhibition of phytosterol biosynthesis resulted in an apparent suppression of fiber elongation in vitro or in planta. The determination of phytosterol quantity indicated that sitosterol and campesterol were the major phytosterols in cotton fibers; moreover, higher concentrations of these phytosterols were observed during the period of rapid elongation of fibers. Furthermore, the decrease and increase in campesterol:sitosterol ratio was associated with the increase and decease in speed of elongation, respectively, during the elongation stage. The increase in the ratio was associated with the transition from cell elongation to secondary cell wall synthesis. In addition, a number of phytosterol biosynthetic genes were down-regulated in the short fibers of ligon lintless-1 mutant, compared to its near-isogenic wild-type TM-1. These results demonstrated that phytosterols play a crucial role in cotton fiber development, and particularly in fiber elongation.

Plant sterol-enriched soy milk consumption modulates 5-lipoxygenase, 12-lipoxygenase, and myeloperoxidase activities in healthy adults – a randomized-controlled trial

Abstract: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled and crossover study was conducted to simultaneously measure the effects, after 3-h and 4-week daily exposure to plant sterols-enriched food product, on inflammation, oxidative status, 5-lipoxygenase, 12-lipoxygenase, and myeloperoxidase activities in healthy adults. Eighteen healthy participants (67% female, 35.3 (mean) ± 9.5 (SD) years, mean body mass index 22.8 kg m−2) received two soy milk (20g) treatments daily: placebo and one containing 2.0 g free plant sterols equivalent of their palmitates (β-sitosterol, 55%; campesterol, 29%; stigmasterol, 23%). F2-isoprostanes, leukotriene B4, sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol concentrations were measured in the blood plasma and urine, using stable isotope-labeled gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. High-sensitivity c-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, and lipoxin A4 concentrations in blood serum were measured using commercially available enzyme immunoassays. Myeloperoxidase activity, serum...

Reduced absorption and enhanced synthesis of cholesterol in patients with cystic fibrosis: A preliminary study of plasma sterols

Abstract: Background Low cholesterol is typically observed in the plasma of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) contrasting with the subcellular accumulation of cholesterol demonstrated in CF cells and in mice models. However, the homeostasis of cholesterol has not been well investigated in patients with CF. Methods We studied the plasma of 26 patients with CF and 33 unaffected controls campesterol and β-sitosterol as markers of intestinal absorption and lathosterol as a marker of de novo cholesterol biosynthesis by gas chromatography (GC-FID and GC-MS). Results Plasma campesterol and β-sitosterol results were significantly (p=0.01) lower while plasma lathosterol was significantly higher (p=0.001) in patients with CF as compared to control subjects. Plasma cholesterol results were significantly lower (p=0.01) in CF patients. Conclusions Our data suggest that the impaired intestinal absorption of exogenous sterols in patients with CF stimulates the endogenous synthesis of cholesterol, but the levels of total cholesterol in plasma remain lower. This may be due to the CFTR dysfunction that reduces cholesterol blood excretion causing the accumulation of cholesterol in liver cells and in other tissues contributing to trigger CF chronic inflammation.

Simultaneous determination of β-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol in rat plasma by using LC-APCI-MS/MS: Application in a pharmacokinetic study of a titrated extract of the unsaponifiable fraction of Zea mays L.

Abstract: A liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of β-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol in rat plasma. Cholesterol-d6 was used as an internal standard. To avoid interference of the three phytosterols in rat plasma and minimize matrix effects, a small volume (10 μL) of 4% bovine serum albumin was used as a surrogate matrix for making calibrators and quality control samples. Rat plasma (10 μL) samples were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction with methyl tert-butyl ether and separated on a Kinetex C18 column. The detection was performed on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer in selected reaction monitoring mode using positive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. This assay was linear over concentration ranges of 250-5000 ng/mL (β-sitosterol), 250-5000 ng/mL (campesterol), and 50-2000 ng/mL (stigmasterol). Additionally, a second set of quality controls made in rat plasma was also evaluated against calibration curves made using the surrogate matrix. All the validation data, including the specificity, precision, accuracy, recovery, matrix effect, stability, and incurred sample reanalysis conformed to the acceptance requirements. Our method was successfully applied to study the pharmacokinetics of three phytosterols in rats.

Increases in plasma plant sterols stabilize within four weeks of plant sterol intake and are independent of cholesterol metabolism

Abstract: Background and aims Plant sterols (PS) lower plasma LDL-cholesterol through partial inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption. Although PS themselves are poorly absorbed, increased intakes of PS result in elevated plasma concentrations. In this paper, we report time curves of changes in plasma PS during 12 weeks of PS intake. Furthermore, the impact of cholesterol synthesis and absorption on changes in plasma PS is explored. Methods and results The study was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study with the main aim to investigate the effects of PS on vascular function (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01803178 ). Hypercholesterolemic but otherwise healthy men and women (n = 240) consumed low-fat spreads without or with added PS (3 g/d) for 12 weeks after a 4-week run-in period. Blood sampling was performed at week 0, 4, 8 and 12. Basal cholesterol-standardized concentrations of lathosterol and sitosterol + campesterol were used as markers of cholesterol synthesis and absorption, respectively. In the PS group, plasma sitosterol and campesterol concentrations increased within the first 4 weeks of intervention by 69% (95%CI: 58; 82) starting at 7.2 μmol/L and by 28% (95%CI: 19; 39) starting at 11.4 μmol/L, respectively, and remained stable during the following 8 weeks. Placebo-corrected increases in plasma PS were not significantly different between high and low cholesterol synthesizers (P-values >0.05). Between high and low cholesterol absorbers, no significant differences were observed, except for the cholesterol-standardized sum of four major plasma PS (sitosterol, campesterol, brassicasterol and stigmasterol) showing larger increases in low absorbers (78.3% (95%CI: 51.7; 109.5)) compared to high absorbers (40.8% (95%CI: 19.9; 65.5)). Conclusions Increases in plasma PS stabilize within 4 weeks of PS intake and do not seem impacted by basal cholesterol synthesis or absorption efficiency. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov ( NCT01803178 ).

Nutritional characteristics, biochemical composition and antioxidant activities of Moroccan Oat varieties

Abstract: Oat has been recognized as a healthy food for a long time. In this study, physicochemical analysis including, moisture, pH, ash, fibres, proteins, starch, carbohydrates, some minerals, sugars, fatty acids, sterols, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents of four Moroccan Oat varieties (Amlal, Tissir, Zahri and Ghali) were investigated. Additionally, starch morphology has been described according to scanning electron microscopy, and viscosity as measured on a rotary rheometer, increased with stabilization time. Furthermore, Oat extracts were analyzed with regard to their antioxidant activities using DPPH radicals’ cation, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and ferric reducing/antioxidant power. Results from this investigation demonstrated that Moroccan Oat varieties constitute an interesting supplement of natural antioxidants, especially phenolic compounds. Moreover, potassium was the main mineral in Oat seeds (1628.17–2541.52 mg/Kg); also, the oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids were the dominant fatty acids. While the major sterols were, β-sitosterol, Δ-5-avenasterol and campesterol. Finally, sugar analysis by HPLC-RI indicate that sucrose content was higher than glucose and fructose respectively, and that Ghali and Amlal varieties exhibit an important total sugars levels. Those results highlight the possible contributions of Oat seeds to nutritional therapy.

Docosahexaenoic Acid Attenuates Cardiovascular Risk Factors via a Decline in Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) Plasma Levels.

Abstract: Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a circulating protein that regulates cholesterol metabolism by promoting LDL receptor degradation in the liver and has recently been proposed as a therapeutic target in the management of hyperlipidaemia. We investigated the impact of dietary fat on the metabolism of sterols and on plasma PCSK9 concentrations to explore likely clinical usefulness. In a post hoc analysis of a double-blind randomised crossover controlled feeding trial, the Canola Oil Multicenter Intervention Trial (COMIT), volunteers (n = 54) with at least one condition related to metabolic syndrome consumed diets with one of the following treatment oils in beverages: (1) conventional canola oil (Canola); (2) canola oil rich in docosahexanoic acid (DHA) (CanolaDHA); and (3) high-oleic acid canola oil (CanolaOleic). The enrichment in oleic acid resulted in lower plasma cholesterol concentration compared with diets enriched in DHA. Contrarily, DHA-enriched oil significantly decreased plasma PCSK9 and triacylglycerols levels, but increased circulating levels of sterols. The variations in lathosterol, sitosterol, and campesterol indicate that plasma PCSK9 levels are sensitive to changes in cholesterol synthesis and/or absorption. There was a significant correlation between plasma PCSK9 levels and plasma triacylglicerol and apolipoprotein B levels, which was not affected by dietary fat. Therefore, our results suggest that the impact of dietary fats should not be discarded as complementary treatment in the management of patients with hyperlipidaemia. These findings should be considered in the analysis of ongoing studies and may represent a cautionary note in the treatment of patients with cardiovascular risk.

Minor lipophilic compounds in edible insects

Abstract: Contemporary society is faced with the question how to ensure suffiecient nutrition (quantity and quality) for rapidly growing population. One solution can be consumption of edible insect, which can have very good nutritional value (dietary energy, protein, fatty acids, fibers, dietary minerals and vitamins composition). Some edible insects species, which contains a relatively large amount of fat, can have a potential to be a „good" (interesting, new) source of minor lipophilic compounds such as sterols (cholesterol and phytosterols) and tocopherols in our diet. For this reason, the objective of this work was to characterize the sterols and tocopherols composition of fat from larvae of edible insect Zophobas morio L. and Tenebrio mollitor L. Cholesterol and three phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol) were reliably identified and quantified after hot saponification and derivatization by GC-MS. Other steroid compounds, including 5,6-trans-cholecalciferol were identified only according to the NIST library. Cholesterol was the predominant sterol in all analysed samples. Both types of larvae also contained high amount of phytosterols. Different region of origin had a no significant impact on sterols composition, while the effect of beetle genus was crucial. Tocopherols were analysed by reverse phase HPLC coupled with amperometric detection. Tocopherols content in mealworm larvae was lower than content in edible oils, but important from the nutritional point of view. Change of tocopherols composition was not observed during the storage under different conditions. Larvae of edible insect can be a potential good dietary source of cholesterol, but also vitamin D3 isomers, phytosterols and tocopherols.

Phytosterol Esterification is Markedly Decreased in Preterm Infants Receiving Routine Parenteral Nutrition

Abstract: Several studies reported the association between total plasma phytosterol concentrations and the parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis (PNAC). To date, no data are available on phytosterol esterification in animals and in humans during parenteral nutrition (PN). We measured free and esterified sterols (cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and sitosterol) plasma concentrations during PN in 16 preterm infants (500–1249 g of birth weight; Preterm-PN), in 11 term infants (Term-PN) and in 12 adults (Adult-PN). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used for measurements. Plasma concentrations of free cholesterol (Free-CHO), free phytosterols (Free-PHY) and esterified phytosterols (Ester-PHY) were not different among the three PN groups. Esterified cholesterol (Ester-CHO) was statistically lower in Preterm-PN than Adult-PN. Preterm-PN had significantly higher Free-CHO/Ester-CHO and Free-PHY/Ester-PHY ratios than Adult-PN (Free-CHO/Ester-CHO: 1.1 ± 0.7 vs. 0.6 ± 0.2; Free-PHY/Ester-PHY: 4.1 ± 2.6 vs. 1.3 ± 0.8; *P < 0.05). Free-CHO/Ester-CHO and Free-PHY/Ester-PHY ratios of Term-PN (Free-CHO/Ester-CHO: 1.1 ± 0.4; Free-PHY/Ester-PHY: 2.9 ± 1.7) were not different from either Preterm-PN or from Adult-PN. Plasma Free-CHO/Ester-CHO and Free-PHY/Ester-PHY were unchanged after 24 h on fat-free PN both in Preterm-PN and in Adult-PN. Free-PHY/Ester-PHY did not correlate with phytosterol intake in Preterm-PN. Free-PHY/Ester-PHY of Preterm-PN was positively correlated with the Free-CHO/Ester-CHO and negatively correlated with gestational age and birth weight. In conclusion, PHY were esterified to a lesser extent than CHO in all study groups; the esterification was markedly decreased in Preterm-PN compared to Adult-PN. The clinical consequences of these findings warrant further investigations.

Lipid composition of paulownia seeds grown in bulgaria

Abstract: The chemical composition of seeds from paulownia (Paulownia tomentosa) was investigated. The main components in the triacylglycerol fraction of the oil were linoleic (64.1%), oleic (21.2%) and palmitic acids (7.3%). ?-Tocopherol (approx. 100.0%) predominated in the tocopherol fraction, and in the sterol fraction – s-sitosterol (79.2%), campesterol (10.3%) and stigmasterol (7.7%). In the seeds were established 10.6% protein, 9.5% cellulose and 38.2% hydrolysable carbohydrates.

Patterns of lipid biomarkers in the fruit of Bupleurum L. growing wild in Turkey

Abstract: Four Bupleurum species, representing two sections, were collected from their natural habitats and the fatty acid and sterol compositions and α-tocopherol contents of their fruit oils examined. The major fatty acids were oleic, linoleic and palmitic acids in all species (41.13–79.92%, 11.07–23.21% and 3.52–7.60%, respectively). Δ-5-Avenasterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, Δ-5,24-stigmastadienol and campesterol exhibited in significant concentrations in all species (9.63–48.79%, 15.42–33.44%, 16.11–25.35%, 12.67–22.97% and 3.10–4.86%, respectively). Higher α-tocopherol concentrations were quantified in both species from section Eubupleura (2.55–2.70 mg/100 g) than in section Perfoliata. Significant correlations were found among the fatty acid and phytosterol quantities observed in the Bupleurum accessions. The results indicated that these species have potential as alternative raw materials and nutraceutical sources through the selection of high yield cultivars and agricultural production.

Effect of cooking methods on the phytosterol content in nine selected vegetables

Abstract: Phytosterol contents in nine vegetables such as paprika (red, yellow, and orange), kohlrabi, bamboo shoot, cherry tomato, cucumber, Chinese chive, and corn were analyzed by gas chromatography. Individual contents of β-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol in fresh and cooked vegetables (boiling, grilling, stir-frying, deep-frying, steaming, roasting, and microwaving) were determined and compared. Total phytosterol content of paprika, cucumber, Chinese chive and cherry tomato ranged from 23.19 to 46.51 ㎎/㎏ (0.002-0.005%) of fresh weight of raw vegetables. Total phytosterol content variation (%) was obtained as follows: [(the content of phytosterol after cooking) - (the content of phytosterol before cooking)] / (the content of phytosterol before cooking) × 100. Total phytosterol content was found to be high in raw kohlrabi at 138.99 ㎎/㎏ fw (0.01%), in corn at 302.86 ㎎/㎏ fw (0.03%), and in bamboo shoot at 443.15 ㎎/㎏ fw (0.04 %). Total phytosterol content variation (%) in orange paprika ranged from 27.5 to 267.3 while that in cherry tomato ranged from –11.0 to 337.5. Generally, high content variation of total phytosterol was found in stir-fried and deep-fried vegetables. Therefore, higher phytosterol levels were obtained from cooked vegetables than raw vegetables. We suggest that these data will be useful to investigate cooking methods for increased intake of phytosterols.

Comparative Study of Phytosterols and Vitamins A and E Composition of Vegetable Oil Brands Consumed in Nigeria

Abstract: Since the techniques employed in refining can alter the chemical composition of edible oils, the phytosterol and vitamins A and E composition of branded vegetable oils sold in Nigeria were determined. The result showed that sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and 5-Avenasterol were the major phytosterol present; with much lesser amounts of cholestanol and ergosterol. The cholesterol concentration was less than 10 mg/100 g in all the samples and was thus labeled “no cholesterol” by the manufacturers. Vitamin A supplementation for all the oil brands was about 7.5 mg/100 g for all the samples. A considerably high amount of vitamin E was retained in all the oil brands, Executive Chef Soya bean oil showing the highest concentration of vitamin E. It was thus concluded that the techniques employed in refining the oils retained an acceptable amount of phytosterol and vitamin E in the products.

Bacterial strain, construction method and application thereof

Abstract: The invention relates to the field of microorganisms and especially relates to a bacterial strain, a construction method and an application thereof The invention provides the bacterial strain for high-yield campesterol An exogenous functional gene DHCR7 is guided into a chassis bacterial strain Compared with plant extraction, the method for utilizing two yeast chassis bacterial strains including recombined brewer yeast and lipid yeast solution to produce campesterol has the advantages of low cost, few side products and low pollution; a feasible method is supplied for the industrial production of the campesterol The basis is established for the biosynthesis of steride hormone drugs including downstream progesterone, 4AD and the like The bacterial strain has guidance significance in acquiring high-yield campesterol through other microorganisms

Process for producing a phytosterol-phystostanol composition

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing a phytosterol phytostanol composition comprising ‰ ¤ 3% by weight of brassicasterol, ≤ 40% by weight of campesterol, ¤ 5% by weight of campestanol, ‰ 80% by weight of β-sitosterol ‰ 30 % By weight stigmasterol, 15% by weight of stigmastanol, a) providing a phytosterol-phytostanol starting material composition comprising> 3% by weight of brassicasterol, 3% to 40% by weight of campesterol, <5% by weight of campestanol, ‰ 80 % By weight β-sitosterol, ‰ 30% by weight stigmasterol, <15% by weight stigmastanol, b) the phytosterol-phytostanol starting material composition from a) dissolves in a solvent, c) the dissolved phytosterol-phytostanol starting material composition b) selectively hydrogenating; and d) isolating the phytosterol-phytostanol composition formed, the weights being based on the total mass of phytosterols and phytostanols in their free, non-derivatized form and wherein the Phy tostanols and phytosterols in the compositions in free, non-derivatized form, as substituted in the 3-position phytosterol derivatives and phytostanol derivatives, in their epimeric forms or as mixtures thereof. Furthermore, the present invention relates to the phytosterol phytostanol composition prepared by this method and their use as an additive in foods.

Application of highland barley bran extract for preparing alpha-glucosidase activity inhibitor

Abstract: The invention discloses application of a highland barley bran extract for preparing an alpha-glucosidase activity inhibitor, and particularly relates to a medicine for preparing a medicine, a health care product or a food for preventing and/or treating type-II diabetes. The highland barley bran extract comprises, by mass, 10-60% of total sterol. The total sterol comprises beta-sitosterol, campesterol, fucosterol, stigmasterol and desmosterol.

Cholesterol metabolism detection markers and application thereof

Abstract: The invention discloses cholesterol metabolism detection markers and an application thereof. The research shows that campesterol and beta-sitosterol can be taken as the markers for detecting cholesterol absorption and metabolism conditions, if excessive cholesterol is absorbed by a human body, the markers remind a patient of high risk of early-onset heart disease and the patient is more probably attacked by cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, the pharmaceutical suggestion is that Ezetimibe is taken as a main drug for treatment and Colesevelam can also be taken for treatment, and LDL (low density lipoprotein) catabolism is increased through combination with bile. According to the invention, campesterol and beta-sitosterol can accurately determine the dynamic condition of cholesterol absorption; a detection result can provide a doctor with determination basis for accurate treatment of the patient, medication is guided, the treatment effect is improved, and remarkable clinical significance is achieved.

Method for detecting equilibrium state of cholesterol

Abstract: The invention discloses a method for detecting the equilibrium state of cholesterol. According to the method, the equilibrium score of a sample cholesterol is calculated according to the formula that the equilibrium score of cholesterol is equal to the quotient obtained by dividing the sum of the ratio of lathosterol and the ratio of desmosterol by the sum of the ratio of campesterol and the ratio of beta-sitosterol; when the equilibrium score of cholesterol is larger than 0.9, excessive cholesterol is synthesized; when the equilibrium score of cholesterol ranges from 0.6 to 0.9, the cholesterol metabolism condition is normal; when the equilibrium score of cholesterol is smaller than 0.6 and larger than or equal to 0.3, excessive cholesterol is absorbed. By means of the method, the content of four non-cholesterol sterols in human plasma is measured, the sample can be better separated within shorter time, and the method has good precision degree, accuracy and solution stability, is suitable for researching and detecting absorption and synthesis changes of cholesterol in test researches on a large scale and provides evidence for clinical diagnosis of individual treatment. The detection method has high sensitivity and high specificity and has become one of the best methods for quantifying multiple sterol substances simultaneously at present.