Showing papers on "Carboxylic acid published in 1971"

The Permeability of the Sodium Channel to Organic Cations in Myelinated Nerve

Abstract: The relative permeability of sodium channels to 21 organic cations was studied in myelinated nerve fibers. Ionic currents under voltage-clamp conditions were measured in sodium-free solutions containing the test cation. The measured reversal potential and the Goldman equation were used to calculate relative permeabilities. The permeability sequence was: sodium ≈ hydroxylamine > hydrazine > ammonium ≈ formamidine ≈ guanidine ≈ hydroxyguanidine > aminoguanididine >> methylamine. The cations of the following compounds were not measurably permeant: N-methylhydroxylamine, methylhydrazine, methylamine, methylguanidine, acetamidine, dimethylamine, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, ethanolamine, choline, tris(hydroxymethyl)amino methane, imidazole, biguanide, and triaminoguanidine. Thus methyl and methylene groups render cations impermeant. The results can be explained on geometrical grounds by assuming that the sodium channel is an oxygen-lined pore about 3 A by 5 A in cross-section. One pair of oxygens is assumed to be an ionized carboxylic acid. Methyl and amino groups are wider than the 3 A width of the channel. Nevertheless, cations containing amino groups can slide through the channel by making hydrogen bonds to the oxygens. However, methyl groups, being unable to form hydrogen bonds, are too wide to pass through.

Process for preparing high molecular weight carboxylic compositions

Abstract: THIS INVENTION TO RELATES TO A PROCESS AND THE PRODUCTS OBTAINED THEREFROM FOR PREPARING A HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT SUBSTANTIALLY SATURATED, HYDROCARBON-SUBSTITUTED CRBOXYLIC COMPOSITION AND MORE SPECIFICALLY TO AN OIL SOLUBLE CARBOXYLIC COMPOSITION OBTAINED BY REACTING AT LEAST ONE HALOGENATED SUBSTANTIALLY-SATURATED HYDROCARBON HAVING AT LEAST 25 ALIPHATIC CARBON ATOMS PER MOLECULE WITH AN EFFECTIVE AMOUNT OF AT LEAST ONE LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT, ALPHA OR BETA HALOGENATED SATURATED-ALIPHATIC CARBOXYLIC ACID OR A DERIVATIVE THEREOF. THE CARBOXYLIC COMPOSITIONS OF THIS INVENTION ARE PARTICULARLY USEFUL AS ADDITIVES, E.G., DIPERSANTS, ECT. IN VARIOUS OLEAGINOUS MATERIALS INCLUDING, FOR EXAMPLE, LUBICATING OILS, HYDROULIC FLUIDS. FUELS, ETC.

Metabolism of benzoic acid by bacteria: 3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol-1-carboxylic acid is an intermediate in the formation of catechol.

Abstract: 3,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol-1-carboxylic acid (1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxy-benzoic acid) is converted enzymatically to catechol in cell extracts from Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, Azotobacter, and three Pseudomonas species. This enzymatic activity is present only in cultures which have been grown in the presence of benzoic acid, and which convert benzoic acid to catechol rather than to protocatechuic acid. The reaction is assayed by the concomitant formation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The conversion of [(14)C]benzoic acid to [(14)C]dihydrodihydroxybenzoic acid is demonstrated in cell extracts. A scheme for the conversion of benzoic acid to catechol in bacteria is presented, involving the formation of dihydrodihydroxybenzoic acid from benzoic acid by a dioxygenase which is unstable in cell extracts, followed by the dehydrogenation and decarboxylation of dihydrodihydroxybenzoic acid to catechol by a previously undescribed enzyme. Experiments with anthranilic acid and phthalic acid suggest that dihydrodihydroxybenzoic acid is a metabolite unique to benzoic acid metabolism. Two new methods for assaying benzoic acid dioxygenase are suggested.

Hair fixing composition and process containing a solid terpolymer

Abstract: THIS APPLICATION DESCRIBES HAIR FIXING TERPOLYMER COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING VINYL ACETATE, CROTONIC ACID AND VINYL ESTERS OF ALPHA-BRANCHED SATURATED ALIPHATIC MONOCARBOXYLIC ACIDS, CONTAINING FROM 5 TO 10 CARBON ATOMS IN THE CARBOXYLIC ACID MOIETY, AND A PROCESS FOR MAKING SUCH COMPOSITIONS. IT ALSO DESCRIBES A METHOD FOR TREATING HAIR WITH SUCH COMPOSITIONS.

Pressure sensitive adhesive containing carboxylic acid groups and polyvalent metal

Abstract: THE PRESSURE SENSITIVE ADHESIVE OF THE INVENTION HAS IMPROVED SHEAR RESISTANCE WHILE STILL HAVING GOOD TACKINESS, IT IS PREPARED BY EMULSION OR SOLUTION POLYMERIZATION, OR BY OTHER METHODS, AND HAS CARBOXYLIC ACID GROUPS THEREIN, AT LEAST SOME OF WHICH ARE BOUND OR CROSSLINKED BY A POLYVALEANT METAL, BY IONIC, POLAR, AND/OR COORDINATION BONDS. THERE ARE VARIOUS POSSIBLE THEORIES OR HYPOTHESES AS TO WHAT IS INVOLVED IN "CROSSLINKING," THE INVENTION TION NOT BEING LIMITED THERETO. THE INVENTION INCLUDES ADHESIVE TAPES AND OTHER ARTICLES AND THEIR MANUFACTURE, IN ADDITION TO THE ADHESIVE COMPOSITIONS.

Purification and Properties of the Slow Reacting Substance Formed in the Cat Paw Perfused with Compound 48/801

Abstract: Cat paws were perfused with a physiological salt solution containing compound 48/80. In addition to histamine, a principle producing a slow sustained contraction of the isolated guinea-pig ileum appeared in the effluent. This slow reacting substance (SRS) was purified by ethanol extraction, solvent partition, silicic acid and anion exchange chromatography. The overall recovery was 10–20 per cent, calculated from the non-histamine smooth muscle stimulating activity of the ethanolic extract. The purification calculated from the crude lipid extract was about 200-fold. The purified material was dialysable, thermostable at neutral pH and more labile in acid than in alkaline milieu. It behaved homogenously on thin layer chromatography in several systems. The most marked biological effects were contraction of the isolated guinea-pig ileum and the human bronchus, increases in the bronchial resistance in guinea-pigs in vivo, in the colouration (Evan's blue dye i.v.) of guinea-pig skin after intradermal injection and in the blood flow in the cat hindlimb after intraarterial injection. Treatment of the purified material with N, N'-carbo-di-p-tolylimide, phenyl isocyanate, iodine monobromide, potassium permanganate or acetic anhydride abolished or greatly reduced the biological activity. Incubation of SRS with 15-hydroxy prostaglandin dehydrogenase in the presence of NAD+ resulted in no loss of biological activity. Together the results indicate that SRS is a biologically active carboxylic acid with hydroxyl groups and one or more double bonds but probably of non-prostaglandin nature.

1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-pyridyl-3-quinoline-carboxylic acid derivatives

Abstract: 1,4-Dihydro-1-(lower-alkyl)-4-oxo-5(or 6)-R''-7-pyridyl-3quinolinecarboxylic acids and lower-alkyl esters, where R'' is hydrogen, halo, lower-alkyl or lower-alkoxy and pyridyl is unsubstituted or substituted, having antibacterial activity, are prepared by reacting the corresponding 1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7pyridyl-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid or lower-alkyl ester with an alkylating agent, e.g., lower-alkyl halide, sulfate or sulfonate, and by other methods.

Light-sensitive copying composition

Abstract: This invention relates to an improvement in a negative-working light-sensitive copying composition comprising at least one condensation product of a diazonium salt, at least one water-soluble synthetic polymer and at least one acrylic resin which is soluble or at least swellable in an aqueous alkaline solution, the immprovement that the water-soluble synthetic polymer is a copolymer of a C3 to C16 alkyl acrylate and an N-vinyl-N-alkyl carboxylic acid amide, the alkyl and carboxylic acid groups of which contain 1 to 6 carbon atoms each. The invention also relates to a process for the preparation of a planographic printing foil using the novel light-sensitive composition.

Degradation of rutin by Aspergillus flavus. Purification of the dioxygenase, querecentinase.

Abstract: Evidence is presented that a single enzyme, quercetinase, is responsible for the degradation of quercetin by Aspergillus flavus to yield carbon monoxide and a depside, 2-protocatechuoylphloroglucinol carboxylic acid. A procedure for the isolation of the dioxygenase as a homogeneous protein is described. The most purified preparation degraded 10 800 μmoles of quercetin/h mg protein and was homogeneous as judged by ultracentrifugation and by electrophoresis. The molecular weight was determined as 111 000 + 4000. Km values for quercetin and oxygen as substrates were 5.2 × 10−6 M and 1.2 × 10−4 M respectively. The enzyme is a glycoprotein containing 27.5% carbohydrate and the amino acid composition is presented.

Stable water-in-oil emulsions

Abstract: WATER-IN-OIL EMULSIONS CONTAINING EMULSIFIER COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING ADMIXTURES OF (A) AN IMIDAZOLINE OR OXAZOLINE SALT OF A LONG CHAIN FATTY ACID AND (B) A SALT OF A LONG CHAIN ALIPHATIC AMIDO AMINE AND A LONG CHAIN ALIPHATIC CARBOXYLIC ACID, SAID WATER-IN-OIL EMULSIONS EXHIBITING EXCELLENT HEAT STABILITY AND METAL COATING PROPERTIES FOR CORROSION INHIBITION

Method for making salts of n-acylamino carboxylic acids

Abstract: SALTS OF N-ACYLAMINO CARABOXYLIC ACIDS, USEFUL AS INTERMEDIATES OR AS SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS, ATE MADE BY REACTING AN AMINO ACID AND A CARBOXYLIC ACID, ESTER, OR AMIDE AT 100* C-250* C. IN THE PRESENCE OF A SALT-FORMING BASIC COMPOUND SUCH AS AN ALKALI METAL OR ALKALINE EARTH METAL HYDROXIDE, A TERIARY AMINE, OR A QUATERNARY AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE.

Über N-silylierte Aminosäure-N-carbonsäure-anhydride (Oxazolidindione-(2.5))

Abstract: Aminosaure-N-carbonsaure-anhydride (1, R′H) lassen sich mit N-silylierten Carbonsaure-amiden oder Trimethylchlorsilan//Triathylamin quantitativ am Stickstoff zu N-Trimethylsilyl-oxazolidindionen-(2.5) (4) silylieren. Diese stehen mit den isomeren α-Isocyanato-carbonsaure-trimethylsilylestern (5) in einem Gleichgewicht, welches im Bereich um 0° bei ca. 1:1 liegt. Oberhalb 0° reagieren die Isomeren 4/5 unter Polyaddition miteinander zu Polymeren der Struktur 10 und 11 bzw. zu Copolymeren dieser beiden Strukturen (12). Modellreaktionen mit verschiedenen N-silylierten Saureamiden zeigen, das die Silylsubstitution bei Amidgruppen ganz allgemein die Reaktivitat gegen elektrophile Angriffe erhoht. On N-Silylated Amino Acid N-Carboxylic Acid Anhydrides (Oxazolidine-2.5-diones) Amino acid N-carboxylic acid anhydrides (1, RH) may by silylated with N-silylated carboxylic acid amides or with trimethylchlorosilane and triethylamine. the resulting N-(trimethylsilyl)oxazolidine-2.5-diones (4) are in equilibrium with the isomeric α-isocyanatocarboxylic acid trimethylsilyl esters (5), the ration at 0° being about 1:1. Above 0° the isomers 4/5 give polymers of the structure 10 and 11 by polyaddition or copolymers 12 with both these structures. Model reactions involving various N-silylated carboxylic acid amides show that silyl substitution generally increases the reactivity of amides toward electrophilic attack.

Process for producing butadiene polymer

Abstract: A process for polymerization of butadiene which comprises contacting butadiene with a catalyst system comprising (A) an organic aluminum fluoride compound of the formula: AlR3 nFn wherein R is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl and n is a real number larger than 1 and smaller than 2 and (B) a nickel or cobalt compound in the presence or absence of water as an activator and/or a halogenated alcohol, a halogenated carboxylic acid, a halogenated carboxylic acid anhydride, a halogenated ketone, a halogenated aldehyde, a phenol or a hydroquinone as a molecular weight regulator, whereby a butadiene polymer having a high content of cis-1,4 structure is produced.

Pulverisable acrylate resins

Abstract: COPOLYMER OF FROM 10 TO 70 BY WEIGHT OF AT LEAST ONE ESTER OF ACRYLIC AND/OR METHACRYLIC ACID, 25 TO 75% BY WEIGHT OF AN OPTIONALLY SUBSTITUTED STYRENE, VINYL ESTER OR (METH) ACRLONITRILE, 5 TO 50% BY WEIGHT OF AT LEAST ONE MONOMER FROM THE GROUP OF A,B-MONO-OLEFINICALLY UNSATURATED CARBOXYLIC ACID WITH 3 TO 5 CARBON ATOMS, HYDROXYALKYL ESTERS OF THE FOREGOING ACIDS AND AMIDES AND AMIDES DERIVATIVES OF ACRYLIC AND METHACRYLIC ACID WHICH IS PULVERSIBLE, HAS A SOFTENING RANGE OF FROM 75 TO 110*C. AND AN AVERAGE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF FRROM ABOUT 500 TO 10,00 AND PROCESS OF PRODUCING THE SAME BY MIXING SAIE COMPONENTS, BULK POLYMERIZING IN A FIRST STAGE TO A CONVERSION OFF 70 TO 90% WITH AN INITIATOR DECOMPOSING INTO RADICALS BELOW 70*C. AND FINISHING BULK POLYMERIZATION IN A SECOND STAGE TO ACONVERSION OF AT LEAST 95% WITH AN INITIATOR DECOMPOSING AT FROM 120 TO 170*C.

Photosensitive lithographic naphthoquinone diazide printing plate with aluminum base

Abstract: A positive-acting printing plate having a coating containing a naphthoquinone-(1,2)-diazide-(2)-5-sulphonic acid derivative, the printing life of which has been improved by the inclusion of a polymeric carboxylic acid. Specific derivatives are 2,3,4trihydroxy benzophenone tris- and 2,4-dihydroxy benzophenone bis(naphthoquinone-(1,2)-diazide-(2)-5-sulphonate). The coating includes a resin in particular an alkali-soluble novolak resin. The polymeric carboxylic acid is preferably present in an amount of 2 - 50 percent by weight based on the combined weight of said derivative and said resin. The invention makes possible the use of naphthoquinone-(1,2)-diazide-(2)-5-sulphonic acid derivatives hitherto unusable because of bad printing life of the plate.

6 Enzymology of Pyrrolidone Carboxylic Acid

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the enzymology of pyrrolidone carboxylic acid. Pyrrolidone carboxylic acid found in the free state in many plant and animal tissues and also in peptide linkage as the N-terminal group of a number of peptides and proteins. Pyrrolidone carboxylic acid was reported as a product of glutathione metabolism in kidney extracts; however, the first clearly defined enzymic reaction in which pyrrolidone carboxylic acid is a product was described by Connell and Hanes. These workers described an enzymic activity in liver that catalyzes the conversion of γ-glutamyl amino acids to pyrrolidone carboxylic acid and the corresponding amino acid. Subsequently, the formation of L- and D-pyrrolidone carboxylic acid from the corresponding isomers of glutamic acid was found to be catalyzed by glutamine synthetase in the absence of ammonia. Other enzymes that catalyze pyrrolidone carboxylate formation include (1) an activity found in the kidney and liver of a number of animals which catalyzes the conversion of D-glutamate to D-pyrrolidone carboxylate, (2) a bacterial enzyme that forms L-pyrrolidone carboxylate from L-glutamate, and (3) an enzyme found in papaya latex that forms pyrrolidone carboxylate from free glutamine and glutaminyl peptides. The formation of pyrrolidone carboxylate from glutathione in kidney extracts may be ascribed to the combined action of two enzymes: (1) γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and (2) γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase. Preparations and extracts of nuclei have been reported to catalyze the conversion of L-glutamate to L-pyrrolidone carboxylate, and it appears that this reaction is linked to an energy yielding oxidation reaction.

Method of producing n acyl alpha amino acids

Abstract: WHEN AN ALDEHYDE IS REACTED WITH CARBON MONOXIDE AND THE AMIDE OF A CARBOXYLIC ACID IN THE PRESENCE OF A CARBONYLATION CATALYST, THERE IS OBATINED THE N-ACYL DERIVATIVE OF AN A-AMINO ACID HAVING ONE MORE CARBON ATOM THAN THE ALDEHYDE USED, THE ACYL GROUP CORRESPONDING TO THAT OF THE AMIDE. THE REACTANTS MAY BE FORMED N SITU. AMINO ACIDS MAY BE PRODUCES BY HYDROLYZING THE N-ACYL-AAMINO ACID.

Reactions of the dirhodium cation Rh24+, with triphenylphosphine and alkali metal carboxylates, dithiocarbamates and other anions

Abstract: Rhodium(I) carboxylates of stoicheiometry Rh(OCOR)(PPh3)3, (where R = alkyl, aryl, or substituted alkyl), have been obtained by the interaction of the dirhodium(II) cation, Rh24+, with a stoicheiometric amount of triphenyl-phosphine and an excess of the lithium salt of the appropriate carboxylic acid. The chemical properties of these carboxylates are described, and include reactions with hydrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide and aldehydes. In benzene solution the RhI carboxylates catalyse the homogeneous hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes; the rates are compared with those using chlorotris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I). The interaction of Rh24+ with triphenylphosphine in presence of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, mercaptobenzthiazole, pyridine-2-thiol, toluene-3-thiol, diphenylphosphorodithioic acid, diethoxyphosphorodithioic acid and lithium thiocyanate have been studied, and also the interaction of chlorotris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I) with tin(II) chloride.

Polycarbonate molding compositions having improved release properties containing an ester of a trihydric alcohol and a c-10 to c-22 saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid

Abstract: POLYCARBONATE MOLDING COMPOSITIONS ARE PROVIDED WHICH CONTAIN FROM ABOUT 0.1 TO ABOUT 2% BY WEIGHT BASED ON THE WEIGHT OF THE POLYCARBONATE OF ONE OR MORE ESTERS OF TRIHYDRIC ALCOHOLS AND SATURATED ALIPHATIC CARBOXYLIC ACIDS CONTAINING FROM TEN TO TWENTY-TWO CARBON ATOMS.

The toxicity of 5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3, 4-dihydro-3-methyl-isocoumarin-7-carboxylic acid, a hydrolyzate of ochratoxin a

Abstract: Ochratoxin A can be hydrolyzed with a large amount of carboxypeptidase A to yield L-phenylalanine and an isocoumarin carboxylic acid. No hydrolytic effect was found, however, with the liver homogenate or the microsomal fraction of the rat. The toxicity of the hydrolyzate, isocoumarin carboxylic acid, was found to be much lower than that of ochratoxin A (LD50 16.96 ƒÊg/egg) to the chicken embryo; it killed only 3 of 10 chicks when 100 ƒÊg/egg was injected. The hypothesis that ochratoxin A should be hydrolyzed in the liver to exhibit the toxicity, therefore, does not seem to be justifiable.

CATALYSTS FOR THE OXIDATION OF .alpha.,.beta.-UNSATURATED ALDEHYDES TO .alpha.,.beta.-UNSATURATED CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND PROCESS FOR THEIR PRODUCTION

Abstract: Catalyst for the oxidation of an Alpha , Beta -unsaturated aldehyde to an Alpha , Beta -unsaturated carboxylic acid, said catalyst comprising (A) a mixture of oxides of the elements antimony, molybdenum, vanadium and tungsten and/or compounds of said elements and oxygen, and (B) at least one oxide or oxygen containing compound of the elements lead, silver, copper, tin, titanium or bismuth, said catalyst having an atomic ratio of antimony to molybdenum to vanadium to tungsten to Group (B) elements of about 1 - 60 : 12 : 0.5 - 25 : 0.1 - 12 : 0.1 - 12. Processes for the use and preparation of the catalysts are provided.