Showing papers on "Character (mathematics) published in 1988"

Stages of Student Departure: Reflections on the Longitudinal Character of Student Leaving

Abstract: (1988). Stages of Student Departure: Reflections on the Longitudinal Character of Student Leaving. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 59, No. 4, pp. 438-455.

Spacetime constraints

Abstract: Spacetime constraints are a new method for creating character animation. The animator specifies what the character has to do, for instance, "jump from here to there, clearing a hurdle in between;" how the motion should be performed, for instance "don't waste energy," or "come down hard enough to splatter whatever you land on;" the character's physical structure---the geometry, mass, connectivity, etc. of the parts; and the physical resources' available to the character to accomplish the motion, for instance the character's muscles, a floor to push off from, etc. The requirements contained in this description, together with Newton's laws, comprise a problem of constrained optimization. The solution to this problem is a physically valid motion satisfying the "what" constraints and optimizing the "how" criteria. We present as examples a Luxo lamp performing a variety of coordinated motions. These realistic motions conform to such principles of traditional animation as anticipation, squash-and-stretch, follow-through, and timing.

Quantum $K$-theory. I. The Chern character

Abstract: We construct a cocycle on an infinite dimensional generalization of ap-summable Fredholm module. Our framework is related to Connes' cyclic cohomology and is motivated by our work on index theory on infinite dimensional manifolds. Thep-summability condition is characteristic of dimensionO(p). We replace this assumption by the requirement that there exists an underlying heat kernel which is trace class. Then we use the heat kernel to regularize states in dimension-independent fashion. Our cocycle may be interpreted as an infinite dimensional Chern character.

Fast string matching with k -differences

Abstract: Consider the string matching problem where differences between characters of the pattern and characters of the text are allowed. Each difference is due to either a mismatch between a character of the text and a character of the pattern or a superfluous character in the text or a superfluous character in the pattern. Given a text of length n , a pattern of length m , and an integer k , we present an algorithm for finding all occurrences of the pattern in the text, each with at most k differences. It runs in O ( m + nk 2 ) time for an alphabet whose size is fixed. For general input the algorithm requires O ( m log m + nk 2 ) time. In both cases the space requirement is O ( m ).

Responsibility, Character, and the Emotions: Sanity and the Metaphysics of Responsibility

Abstract: Philosophers who study the problems of free will and responsibility have an easier time than most in meeting challenges about the relevance of their work to ordinary, practical concerns. Indeed, philosophers who study these problems are rarely faced with such challenges at all, since questions concerning the conditions of responsibility come up so obviously and so frequently in everyday life. Under scrutiny, however, one might question whether the connections between philosophical and nonphilosophical concerns in this area are real. In everyday contexts, when lawyers, judges, parents, and others are concerned with issues of responsibility, they know, or think they know, what in general the conditions of responsibility are. Their questions are questions of application: Does this or that particular person meet this or that particular condition? Is this person mature enough, or informed enough, or sane enough to be responsible? Was he or she acting under posthypnotic suggestion or under the influence of a mind-impairing drug? It is assumed, in these contexts, that normal, fully developed adult human beings are responsible beings. The questions have to do with whether a given individual falls within the normal range. By contrast, philosophers tend to be uncertain about the general conditions of responsibility, and they care less about dividing the responsible from the nonresponsible agents than about determining whether, and if so why, any of us are ever responsible for anything at all. In the classroom, we might argue that the philosophical concerns grow out of the nonphilosophical ones, that they take off where the nonphilosophical questions stop.

Method to automatically vary displayed object size with variations in window size

Abstract: A method to maintain all of the information that is originally displayed in a window on the display screen in an interactive information handling system, as the size of the window is decreased. By selecting from a plurality of different character sets that are stored in the system, a character set is obtained which has the appropriate width and height attributes that allow the original text characters to be substituted for the corresponding text characters originally displayed. Since the selected character set contains proportionally smaller characters no information is lost because the size of the window was decreased. The different character sets that are stored may be hardware implemented such as ROM character generators based on different sized character boxes or software generated character sets which are also based on different sized character sets. The type of font is important only in the context that some fonts are more readable as the size of the characters decrease than others. The method allows the operator to dynamically vary the window size after the initial window has been displayed in response to some predetermined action by the operator. Any of the techniques suggested in the art for changing the window size would be appropriate. In the preferred embodiment of the method, the system includes a "mouse". Movement of the mouse in a generally horizontal direction with the button in the held position causes the horizontal window size to increase or decrease. The amount of decrease is calculated in real time by monitoring the movement of the mouse and cursor position. A table is stored in memory which lists all of the displayable character sets that are available. Each character set has a width attribute and a height attribute. A percentage decrease in width and height is stored in the table representing changes from the corresponding attributes of standard character set that is normally used to display information in the system. A new character set is selected from the table in accordance with the calculated percentage of decrease and the new character substituted in the text. If the user sizes the window below limits of readability or system capability for resolution, the window components are replaced with a graphic representation of the data or with icons. If the user decides to restore the size of the original, a 1-step key or mouse button sequence is available.

Method and apparatus for processing ideographic characters

Abstract: A method and apparatus for generating an ideographic character in response to an operator input The apparatus includes an input device which generates a series of input signals in response to an input sequence of writing strokes corresponding to identifiable constituent characteristics of an ideographic character contained in a set of ideographic characters. A processor stores a library of character representations, each character representation in the library of character representations represents a respective character of the set of ideographic characters and each character representation being identified according to predetermined constituent characteristics of the represented ideographic character. The processor is responsive to the input signals for selecting a character representation from the library of character representations. The processor upon selection of a character representation provides the selected character representation as an output signal

Hierarchical parametric apparatus and method for recognizing drawn characters

Abstract: A pattern recognition system includes a hierarchical network of parametric pattern recognition components or algorithms of different types. During a "training" phase, distinctions among character types are gathered from a set of correctly labelled training samples. The structure of the component hierarchy is established by recursive training of various subsets of the original training set and, for each component, generation of a "decision function" that either (1) indicates a final classification by the present component the characters of the training, or (2) points to a component lower in the hierarchy, thereby establishing connectivity between components of the hierarchy. The training process continues, generating successively lower components in the hierarchy, until perfect classification is obtained on the training set. The hierarchy of components then is utilized to recognize characters or patterns from a set of unknown patterns or characters, by making successive "passes", if necessary, on features extracted from each unknown character until the unknown character is classified.

Pattern recognition device

Abstract: PURPOSE:To identify a similar character group with high accuracy without increasing dictionary capacity by utilizing the property that pieces of pattern information by directions which are found by a recognition part represent the fine structure of character segments CONSTITUTION:A normalization pattern which is preprocessed is applied to a directional feature extraction part 2 to generate four feature patterns by directions Further, feature surfaces by the directions are fogged and resampled to compares information The extracted directional features are applied to a matching part 25 to calculate the similarity with standard patterns stored in a feature dictionary 26 A candidate character kind storage part 27 select similar character couples successively from a similar character group decided by the recognition part 12 and a difference information extraction part 28 stores directional features of an input patter in an input feature pattern Difference patterns of similar character couples stored in a difference patterns dictionary 29 are read out to cut a difference part according to directional features corresponding to the input character pattern and a standard pattern, so that the similarity between the directional feature of the input character pattern and standard pattern is calculated by a character kind couple identification part 30

Character formulae and the structure of the representations of the n=1, n=2 superconformal algebras

Abstract: The unitary representations of the N=1 and N=2 superconformal algebras are analyzed. The embedding structure of all the degenerate representations is studied. Character formulae are derived for the degenerate representations including those which . The relation between characters and the exact partition functions of 2-d critical statistical systems is explored. The , N=2 superconformal system is analyzed from the group theoretic point of view and it is shown to be a subsector of the N=1, ĉ=2/3 theory.

Proper Names as Controllers of Discourse Focus

Abstract: An important aspect of the psychological focus of character-based discourse is the character that is the most prominent at any given point during reading, since prominent characters can control a number of processes leading to the cohesiveness of text. In this paper, three experiments are reported which investigate the proposition that the use of a proper name for a character (e.g., Louise) makes that character more prominent than does a role description (e.g., The hairdresser), even when the description denotes the same individual, playing the same narrative role. The studies show that named characters are more likely to be used in continuations of stories (referential availability), and that sentences containing pronominal anaphoric references to named characters are read more rapidly than those referring to corresponding role descriptions (referential accessibility). Naming thus appears to be a major factor in focus control. Some explanations and implications are discussed.

Document processing system and method

Abstract: A document processing system for processing documents having data printed thereon including pre-printed markings visible to the eye and machine-readable characters includes a scanner for capturing the color image of the document being processed. Circuitry is provided for reducing the contract between the pre-printed marking and the background surrounding a machine-readable character based upon the hue of the pre-printed markings, such that the pre-printed markings and the background surrounding a character are not distinguishable with respect to light reflected from the document thereby generating a filtered image of the document. An optical character recognition device receives the filtered image of the document representing character information only for identifying the characters appearing on the document.

False Beliefs About Emotion: Children's Understanding of Misleading Emotional Displays:

Abstract: The major goal of this study was to determine whether young children appreciate that one effect of using a display rule may be to create a false belief in another person. Fourand 6-year-old children listened to stories in which it would be appropriate for the protagonist to really feel a negative emotion. In half of the stories a reason was given for the protagonist to hide the way he or she really felt (the discrepant condition) from the other story characters; the other half contained a reason for the protagonist to show the other story characters how he or she really felt (the nondiscrepant condition). Subjects were asked to say how the main character would really feel, how the main character would look on his or her face, and how other characters in the story would think the protagonist felt, and to justify their answers. The results indicated that 6-year-old children were more accurate than 4-year-old children in judging that real and apparent emotion would not coincide in the discrepant condition an...

Color image processing device

Abstract: A color image processing device including a reader for reading an original image for each area containing a predetermined number of pixels of the original image and color-separating the read area into red, green and blue components, a character area detector for detecting whether or not the area read by the reader is a character area constituting a part of a character in the original image for each of the red, green and blue components, and a black character area determinator adapted to determine the area read by the reader to be a black character area constituting a part of a black character in the original image if said area is detected to be the character area for all of the red, green and blue components by the character area detector

Hand-written character recognition apparatus with a personal dictionary preparation function

Abstract: A hand-written character recognition apparatus with a personal dictionary preparation function has a character recognition unit for comparing an input hand-written character data with a registered standard dictionary to recognize a most similar character pattern, and a display unit for selecting and displaying a display font corresponding to the recognized character pattern, so that a personal peculiar character or simplified character inputted can be recognized. When a personal dictionary is to be registered, the character to be registered is inputted by hand-writing, the character recognition unit compares the input hand-written character data with the standard dictionary to recognize a similar character pattern, and the recognized character code of the standard dictionary is selected as the character code to be registered. When the personal dictionary is to be prepared, a personal pattern input frame which permits simultaneous input of a plurality of personal hand-written character patterns is provided, and the input personal patterns are allotted to one character code to be registered. When the personal character pattern is to be prepared and registered, similarity between the input personal pattern and the registered dictionary pattern is checked, a stability index indicating a degree of stability of recognition of the personal pattern is calculated based on the similarity, and the stability index is displayed.

Character reader device

Abstract: A character reader device of the present invention is capable of reading as read data characters written in a portion corresponding to a given read field on a manuscript, detecting a reject character in the read data, generating a pattern image corresponding to the reject character, displaying the read data, the reject character and the pattern image, computing the position of a display area for the read data, deciding whether or not the computed display area is overlapped with the display area for the pattern image shifting the pattern image to the area which is the outside of the display area for the read data if overlapped and displaying it on the latter area. The character reader device can therefore prevent a disadvantage in modifying the reject character if the display area for the pattern image of the reject character is overlapped with the display area for the read data of the read field including the reject field by shifting the display area for the pattern image to another area and modify the reject character more efficiently.

The changing character of the medical profession.

Abstract: At t h e v e r y t i m e w h e n p h y s i c i a n s c a n d i a g n o s e the inner reaches of the brain with magnets, disintegrate kidney stones using sound waves instead of scalpels, and com­ mand an increasingly impressive technology, the profession is feeling besieged (Stoeckle 1988). Although trust and respect are still in evidence, malpractice suits abound. The institutional and technical character of medical work has become so complex that it threatens to make physicians an appendage to rather than master of their technology (Arney 1982). Perhaps of even greater significance, the medical profession is no longer exempt from antitrust law (Rosoff 1979), a change implying that disinterestedness is no longer perceived as the distinguishing difference between doctors and businessmen, as Talcott Parsons (1954, 34-49) maintained in 1939Health care corporations (which appear now to include most old-fashioned community hospitals) are openly concerned about profits or surpluses, and the front office monitors the financial performance of clinicians with increased stringency. Meanwhile, nonhealth corporations have rebelled against the escalating premiums for health insurance (Goldsmith 1984; Fruen 1986; Gabel et al. 1987). Joined by Medicare, Medicaid, and other institutional buyers, they

Character string identification device with a memory comprising selectively accessible memory areas

Abstract: In a character identification device for identifying an input character to produce an identified code, a memory circuit (40) decides a match between the input character and stored characters preliminarily stored therein to produce a character match signal. An encoder (50) encodes the character match signal into the identified code. The memory circuit (40) includes a plurality of memory areas (41 to 44). A memory area selector (54) selects a specific memory area in response to a selection signal produced from a signal producing circuit (52) to supply the input character to the specific memory area. In a character string identification device, a processing circuit (90) uses the character match signal to generate a string match signal which is encoded into the identified code by the encoder (51). The processing circuit (90) may include several processing sections (91 to 94) equal in number to the memory areas. An activating arrangement (182) activates a particular one of the processing sections that corresponds to the specific memory area. The identified code may be provided to the memory circuit as the input character through an interruption switch circuit (226).

Universal character segmentation scheme for multifont OCR images

Abstract: The method comprises: selecting an examination window whose size covers the image data associated with a character within a set of characters; presenting image data for a known character to the examining window to obtain a probability density function (PDF) for each pixel within the examining window for each character in the set of characters to be found or segmented to generate a composite PDF for each pixel within the examining window; and using the composite PDF to determine when the examining window is positioned over image data associated with a character within the character set.

Moral Literacy and the Formation of Character

Abstract: If we want our young people to possess the traits of character we most admire, we must teach them what those traits are, says this writer, a former Secretary of Education. We must not, he argues, permit disputes over political and theological matters to suffocate the obligation we have to instruct our young in the mportance of good character.

Local orders, root numbers, and modular curves

Abstract: Let F be a locally compact field, and let wr be an irreducible, admissible representation of GL2(F) on an infinite dimensional complex vector space. Let c be the central quasicharacter of wx. Let K be a separable quadratic field extension of F, and let X be a quasicharacter of K* such that xw = 1 on F*. The character X gives a 1-dimensional representation of the Weil group WK of K, via the isomorphism Wab K* of local classfield theory. Let -xw be the admissible irreducible representation of GL2(F) which corresponds (in the sense of Langlands) to the 2-dimensional induced representation IndWFX of the Weil group of F. The representation

Practical Knowledge: Outlines of a Theory of Traditions and Skills

Abstract: A series of specially commissioned papers on the presuppositions and specific character of practical knowledge in different spheres.

Character Education: Research Prospects and Problems

Abstract: This article reviews the issues and research problems associated with that form of moral education in which good character is central. It discusses: (1) why character is considered valuable; (2) what the advocates of character education mean by "character"; (3) whether character education constitutes indoctrination; (4) identifying and testing hypotheses about various school influences on the development of character; (5) the political interests served by attempts to teach character; and (6) the role of religion in character education, and questions concerning constitutional constraints on religion in American public schools. The discussion suggests that the questions regarding these complex and sensitive issues are unavoidable, and that the answers are unclear.

A computational theory of perspective and reference in narrative

Abstract: Narrative passages told from a character's perspective convey the character's thoughts and perceptions. We present a discourse process that recognizes characters' thoughts and perceptions in third-person narrative. An effect of perspective on reference in narrative is addressed: references in passages told from the perspective of a character reflect the character's beliefs. An algorithm that uses the results of our discourse process to understand references with respect to an appropriate set of beliefs is presented.

Optical character reading apparatus and method

Abstract: An optical character reader is characterized in that the reader determines accurately the range occupied by the major portion of each character in each character line. This is accomplished by dividing an image read from a document into character lines and counting the number of picture elements in series with each picture element forming each character on each character line in each direction of a plurality of predetermined directions. Each picture element is provided with a code data indicating the direction having the largest number of picture elements having a character. If the picture elements between two picture elements allotted with a specific code data for the direction along each character line do not have the specific data code, the original code data is replaced with the specific code data. The number of picture elements allotted with the specific code data for each character line are then counted and the position with the largest number of picture elements having a character is detected.