Showing papers on "Charring published in 1996"
TL;DR: In this article, the mode of thermal degradation of viscose fibres has been studied by thermal analysis (DSC, TGA) and the nature of char determined by IR studies.
161 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that ammonium polyphosphate (APP) interacts with nylon 6 producing alkylpolyphosphoric ester which is a precursor of the intumescent char and ammonium pentaborate (APB) forms an inorganic glass protecting the char from oxidation and hindering the diffusion of combustible gases.
104 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a simple and practical pyrolysis model was developed to describe the response of the solid fuel, which was first tested against the Cone Calorimeter data for both charring and non-charring materials under different irradiance levels and then coupled to CFD calculations.
77 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the fire retardant action in epoxy resins based on tetraglycidyl 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (TGDDM) either alone or combined with the diglycidether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), cured with bis(m-aminophenyl)methylphosphine oxide (BAMPO) was studied.
61 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the gasification of brown coal and char with CO 2 using iron catalysts precipitated from an aqueous solution of FeCl 3 and showed that the presence of the iron can lower the temperature giving the maximal rate of CO formation.
60 citations
TL;DR: Partial substitution of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) by manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ) in polyamide 6 (PA-6) fire retarded with 20% of APP strongly increases the fire retardant effect as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Partial substitution of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) by manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ) in polyamide 6 (PA-6) fire retarded with 20% of APP strongly increases the fire retardant effect. 'Linear pyrolysis' experiments, which are modified cone calorimeter tests, show an increase in the amount and an improvement of the shielding properties of the intumescent char formed on the surface of burning polymer. The enhancement of the yield of aliphatic-aromatic char stable to oxidation was observed in thermogravimetry under air. The fire retardant action of an APP/MnO 2 mixture in PA-6 is twofold. On the one hand, this additive promotes involvement of the polymer in the charring and, on the other, the formed manganese phosphate glasses improve the thermo-insulating properties of the intumescent char on the surface of burning PA-6.
58 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the reduction of embedding strength and the temperature were investigated, and the results of the calculations also showed that there is a considerable reduction of the embeddings strength during the first period of fire.
Abstract: Nailed joints with wood members were exposed simultaneously to standard fire and constant load. Different loads were applied in the range of 0.1 to 0.6 of the estimated failure load at normal temperature. Measurements of the rate of charring and the temperature were used to determine the temperature profiles and further to estimate the reduction in the strength properties. The test results are compared with calculations based on the theory of K. W. Johansen. Three different relations between the reduction of embedding strength and the temperature were investigated. For one of these relations, the theory agrees well with the results obtained in the fire tests. The results of the calculations also show that there is a considerable reduction of the embedding strength during the first period of fire.
47 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the combination of XPS and TGA/FTIR enables the provision of significantly more information on degradation and charring of polymers upon heating, which are central to flame retardance and smoke emission.
29 citations
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the time-temperature curves of the standard fire resistance tests (ASTM E 119 and ISO 834) to define the fire exposure, and presented such char rate data obtained with an Ohio State University (OSU) calorimeter.
Abstract: A critical factor in the fire endurance of a wood member is its rate of charring. Most available charring rate data have been obtained using the time-temperature curves of the standard fire resistance tests (ASTM E 119 and ISO 834) to define the fire exposure. The increased use of heat release calorimeters using exposures of constant heat flux levels has broadened the available database on wood charring. This paper presents such char rate data obtained with an Ohio State University (OSU) calorimeter. Results include char depth versus time models, char rates as function of other parameters, and temperature profiles in the remaining uncharred wood.
19 citations
Patent•
17 Apr 1996
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for preparing carbon molecular sieve using the shell or pit of fruit such as apricot, wild jujube, coconut, walnut and haw is described.
Abstract: The method for preparing carbon molecular sieve using the shell or pit of fruit such as apricot, wild jujube, coconut, walnut and haw includes charring the shell or pit under the protection of nitrogen, breaking, mixing with adhesive selected from tar pitch, asphalt, tea oil, anthracene oil, polyvinyl alcohol and waste sulfite pulp liquor, shaping, drying and secondary charring under protection of nitrogen. The obtained carbon molecular sieve is used for preparing nitrogen by air separation.
8 citations
Patent•
03 Jan 1996
TL;DR: The continous coking method using mixed inner and outer heat to produce coke for metallurgy and civil gas features that its equipment is composed of central burning chamber, two charring chambers at both sides including preheating drying, dry distillation, high temp., gasification reaction and cooling sections, and gas collecting chamber as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The continous coking method using mixed inner and outer heat to produce coke for metallurgy and civil gas features that its equipment is composed of central burning chamber, two charring chambers at both sides including preheating drying, dry distillation, high temp., gasification reaction and cooling sections, and gas collecting chamber. It integrates coking, recovery of heat from coking, gas and chemical products, and environmental protection.
TL;DR: The results of an experimental estimation of the strength of the coke of a typical charring, rubber-like, heat-shield material are given in this article, based on numerical studies and experimental results.
Abstract: The results of an experimental estimation of the strength of the coke of a typical charring, rubber-like, heat-shield material are given. Based on numerical studies and experimental results, a temperature region in which the coke is least strong was found. Thermochemical and thermomechanical failure regimes were distinguished, and the coke failure mechanism was established.