Showing papers on "Chlorine published in 1979"
TL;DR: The N-Cl derivatives could oxidize bacterial components long after the myeloperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation of chloride was complete, suggesting that peptides were fragmented by oxidative cleavage of chloramide derivatives of peptide bonds.
Abstract: In the presence of Escherichia coli, myeloperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation of chloride ion resulted in formation of long-lived chloramine and/or chloramide derivatives of bacterial components. The same amount of these nitrogen-chlorine (N-Cl) derivatives was obtained with either hypochlorous acid (HOCl) or the myeloperoxidase system, indicating that myeloperoxidase catalyzed the oxidation of chloride to HOCl. Identical killing was obtained with HOCl or the myeloperoxidase system. About 30 to 50% of the oxidizing equivalents of HOCl were detected as N-Cl derivatives of peptides or peptide fragments that were released from the bacteria. The apparent molecular weight distribution of the peptides decreased with increasing amounts of HOCl, suggesting that peptides were fragmented by oxidative cleavage of chloramide derivatives of peptide bonds. The remaining 50 to 70% of the oxidizing equivalents of HOCl were rapidly consumed in peptide bond cleavage or the oxidation of other bacterial components. There was a close correspondence between the oxidation of bacterial sulfhydryls and bactericidal action. The N-Cl derivatives were lost and the oxidation of bacterial sulfhydryls increased over a period of several h at 37 degrees C. These changes were accompanied by increased killing. The increase in sulfhydryl oxidation and killing could be prevented by washing the bacteria to remove the N-Cl derivatives. Therefore, the N-Cl derivatives could oxidize bacterial components long after the myeloperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation of chloride was complete. Images
256 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an investigation has been carried out on the transport properties of Nafion membranes as related to electrochemically regenerative hydrogen/halogen energy storage systems, including a determination of membrane conductivity as a function of concentration and temperature and determination of hydrogen, chlorine, and bromine permeation rates and diffusivities in various and environments at various temperatures.
Abstract: An investigation has been carried out on the transport properties of Nafion membranes as related to electrochemically regenerative hydrogen/halogen energy storage systems. Included are a determination of membrane conductivity as a function of concentration and temperature and determination of hydrogen, chlorine, and bromine permeation rates and diffusivities in various and environments at various temperatures. Transport properties of the membrane are related to the water content of the membrane. In the case of bromine, negatively charged complex formation results in lower permeation rates than expected. Results indicate that hydrogen/chlorine cells should have voltaic efficiencies in excess of 75% at current densities of ~300 mA/cm2 and coulombic losses in the vicinity of 2%.
115 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the equivalent levels of chlorine and chlorine dioxide (generated on-site) were established on the basis of bactericidal action in bird chiller water, and the use of about 1/7 as much CIO2 as CI2 would be less corrosive to processing equipment and provide the poultry industry with an alternative bactericide to chlorine.
Abstract: Equivalent levels of chlorine and chlorine dioxide (generated on-site) were established on the basis of bactericidal action in bird chiller water. When introduced directly into the chiller water after processed birds had begun to enter the chiller, 5 ppm CIO2 and 34 ppm CI2 were equally bactericidal. When introduced into the chiller with the fresh-water input, 20 ppm CI2 and 3 ppm CIO2 were equally effective. The use of about 1/7 as much CIO2 as CI2 would be less corrosive to processing equipment and provide the poultry industry with an alternative bactericide to chlorine.
92 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of a study of the interactions of Cl atoms and Cl2 with H2SO4 and H2O, the dominant components of stratospheric aerosols, at low temperature using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were reported.
87 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the fate of fulvic acids during coagulation, adsorption on activated carbon, and oxidation (chlorine and ozone) has been studied using a model solution.
60 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the c(2 × 4) pattern is shown to be a coincidence structure formed from a ( 1 2 3 −1 2 3 ) net of chlorine atoms on the Fe(100) substrate.
59 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the rate of chlorine evolution was independent of both the roughness factor and the oxide loading of these anodes, the discharge apparently occurring at the external surface of these microporous electrodes.
57 citations
TL;DR: Under conditions of virus disinfection, uridine monophosphate (UMP) is quite unreactive with aqueous hypochlorous acid, and both the rate of virus inactivation and the rates of consumption of chlorine by AMP and CMP increase with decreasing pH.
56 citations
Patent•
14 Jun 1979
TL;DR: In this article, a system for generating chlorine dioxide for use as a disinfectant in water or wastewater treatment, the system output including a percentage of chlorine at an acceptably low level, thereby avoiding the deleterious effect of chlorine in the disinfection process.
Abstract: A system for generating chlorine dioxide for use as a disinfectant in water or wastewater treatment, the system output including a percentage of chlorine at an acceptably low level, thereby avoiding the deleterious effect of chlorine in the disinfection process. The system is provided with a source of chlorine gas and a source of aqueous sodium chlorite, both of which are fed into a reactor to generate chloride dioxide therein. The output of the reactor is coupled to an ejector operated by a water stream to create a vacuum which draws chlorine dioxide from the reactor into the ejector to dilute the chlorine dioxide before it is supplied to a process being treated. The resultant negative pressure in the reactor acts to draw the chlorine gas therein from the source through a vacuum regulator which maintains the flow of chlorine gas into the reactor at a constant rate and acts to cut off the supply of chlorine in the absence of negative pressure.
51 citations
48 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the determination of chlorine, bromine and iodine present as non-polar, hydrophobic hydrocarbons in environmental samples is reported, and the organohalogen compounds are separated from water into an organic phase by on-site liquid-liquid extraction, and from biological material by procedures based on lipid phase extraction and codistillation.
Patent•
03 May 1979
TL;DR: In this article, an inert organic solvent is used to extract chlorine and tertiary alkyl hypochlorite, which is recovered in the organic solvent and reacted with water and olefinically unsaturated compound to produce chlorohydrin.
Abstract: Chlorine and tertiary alkanol dissolved in an inert organic solvent are reacted with calcium oxide in aqueous calcium chloride to produce tertiary alkyl hypochlorite which is recovered in the organic solvent and reacted with water and olefinically unsaturated compound to produce chlorohydrin and tertiary alkanol. Chlorohydrin and tertiary alkanol recovered in the organic solvent are contacted with calcium oxide in aqueous calcium chloride to produce the epoxy compound, and tertiary alkanol recovered in the organic solvent is recycled to hypochlorite production. Calcium chloride produced as by-product in the hypochlorite production and saponification is recovered as an aqueous solution having a calcium chloride concentration of at least 25 wt. % to provide calcium chloride in a usable form.
Patent•
15 Jun 1979TL;DR: A wood pulp slurry is treated with oxygen in a mill with little change to the process or structure of the mill No special pressure tanks are required The consistency of the pulp need not be altered for the treatment step as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A wood pulp slurry is treated with oxygen in a mill with little change to the process or structure of the mill No special pressure tanks are required The consistency of the pulp need not be altered for the treatment step It may be treated at the usual process consistency of the pulp; eg, it may be treated at the usual consistency of the pulp leaving a washer or subsequent steam mixer without additional dewatering or additional dilution The oxygen is added into a closed section of the system so that it cannot immediately vent to the atmosphere Alkali should also be present when the oxygen is mixed with the slurry The mixing should occur near to the point of oxygen addition The mixing occurs in a relatively small mixer that intensively mixes the slurry and gas The mixer has a mixing zone with a swept area of 10,000 to 1,000,000 square meters per metric ton of oven-dry pulp A preferred range is 25,000 to 150,000 square meters per metric ton of oven-dry pulp and an optimum range of around 65,400 square meters per metric ton of oven-dry pulp The pulp is treated several times during a sequence Some sequences are O-X-O and O-O-X-O in which X may be chlorine, chlorine dioxide, a combination of chlorine and chlorine dioxide - mixture of chlorine and chlorine dioxide, C D , D c -, hypochlorite, peroxide and ozone The sequence may be followed by a D stage Other systems and specific mixer designs are also disclosed
TL;DR: Very low pressure photolysis (VLPO) of chlorine nitrate was performed in a quartz Knudsen cell as mentioned in this paper, where the light source was a 2500 W high-pressure xenon lamp, and a modulated molecular-beam mass spectrometer was used to monitor the concentration of ClONO 2 and photolyisation products.
TL;DR: It is suggested that sufficient ammonia may be evolved from animals in an inhalation chamber to reduce the amount of free chlorine present, taken in conjunction with the toxic action of chloramines, such reduction may affect the outcome of chronic, low-level exposures to chlorine.
TL;DR: A series of chlorination studies were carried out on natural and artificial sea-water as discussed by the authors, and it was determined that both the forward and back titration procedures accurately described the two phases of chlorine losses in seawater: a rapid initial loss followed by a continuous loss at a sharply reduced rate.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, isotopic substitution was applied to the chlorine ion and the results indicated that the number of water molecules around the chlorine ions decreases with increase in pressure. But, the results on the lithium chloride solution indicated that there was no change in the chlorine-ion-water conformation with an increase in the pressure.
ARCO1
TL;DR: In this article, the reaction of mercury atoms with molecular chlorine was performed in heated reaction vessels constructed of Inconel, quartz, stainless steel and Teflon-coated stainless steel.
TL;DR: It appears that RNA has a greater affinity for chlorine between pH 5.6 and 9.9 than does protein, which would indicate that redox reaction rates do not parallel rates of virus inactivation.
Patent•
30 Nov 1979
TL;DR: In this article, the use of an electrolytic cell embodying an anode chamber charged with an acidic, concentrated sodium chloride solution and a cathode chamber charging with a basic aqueous solution is described.
Abstract: Presented is an apparatus and method for producing small quantities of chlorine and sodium hydroxide or sodium hypochlorite, useful in many applications where the major investment of a full-blown chemical plant capable of producing tons of product per day is not economically feasible. The apparatus of the invention includes the use of an electrolytic cell embodying an anode chamber charged with an acidic, concentrated sodium chloride solution and a cathode chamber charged with a basic aqueous solution and through which an electric current may be passed under controlled conditions to initiate and maintain a reaction that produces chlorine gas in the anode chamber and hydrogen gas and a solution of sodium hydroxide in the cathode chamber. The anode and cathode chambers are separated by a chemically-resistant ion-exchange membrane permeable only to positively charged ions. Anolyte and catholyte feed tanks are arranged in association with appropriate anolyte and catholyte surge tanks connected to the electrolytic cell in such a way that the reaction proceeds continuously without the need for mechanical pumps. The chlorine and the sodium hydroxide solution may leave the apparatus as separate product streams, or, in a second aspect of the invention, may be combined to form (as yet another product) a solution of sodium hypochlorite.
TL;DR: In this article, the action of liquid chlorine on graphite has been studied by gravimetric, dilatometric and radiocrystallographic means, showing that the interplanar distance is practically double that of pure graphite or 6.70 A. The intercalation involves a decrease in electrical resistivity in the direction parallel to the layers comparable to that observed for bromine.
TL;DR: In this article, the electrochemical behavior of different graphites in molten lithium chloroaluminate electrolyte was studied using the potentiodynamic method, showing that the graphite graphite properties were related to the graphitic properties during aluminium chloride intercalation.
Patent•
15 Aug 1979
TL;DR: In this article, solid cyanuric chloride is recovered by a process of spraying in the presence of a cooling medium liquid CCL which preferably is freed from chlorine and cyanogen chloride.
Abstract: Solid cyanuric chloride is recovered by a process of spraying in the presence of a cooling medium liquid cyanuric chloride which preferably is freed from chlorine and cyanogen chloride, the cyanuric chloride is sprayed with the aid of known spraying apparatus into a separation container optionally with a propellant, while simultaneously with the cyanuric chloride spraying a liquid cooling medium through a second spraying apparatus separate from the first spraying apparatus, withdrawing the solidified cyanuric chloride from the separatory container and drawing off the resulting now gaseous cooling medium containing cyanuric chloride from the lower portion of the separatory container.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The 36Cl concentration in washed packed cells indicated that 36Cl readily exchanges with chloride of saline, and at maximum absorption the percentage of ClO; formed in plasma from an initial oral dose of 10 mg/l 36ClO, was higher than from a 100mg/l dose.
Abstract: Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is under consideration as an alternative to chlorination as a disinfectant for public water supplies A new assay was developed to qualitatively and quantitatively measure the metabolites of 36ClO2 in water and biological fluids Studies in the rat indicated that the metabolites of ClO2 were Cl-, ClO-2, and ClO-b At maximum absorption the percentage of ClO; formed in plasma from an initial oral dose of 10 mg/l 36ClO, was higher than from a 100 mg/l dose The 36Cl concentration in washed packed cells indicated that 36Cl readily exchanges with chloride of saline