Showing papers on "Citric acid published in 1972"

Enzymatic and electron microscopic analysis of isolated osteoclasts.

Abstract: A new method is described by which osteoclasts can be isolated for biochemical and electron microscopic analyses. As a source of cells for isolation by microdissection, imprints of metaphyseal bone were used. The use of imprints provides important advantages over bone sections, including a higher degree of cytologic and enzymatic preservation, and the delivery of whole cells which are more readily manipulated and which yield data that are more readily reproduced. By planimetric analysis of the histochemically-stained isolated cell samples, it was shown that osteoclasts represent over 90% of the sample mass. The levels of several of the pyridine nucleotide-linked enzymes involved in citric acid metabolism, as well as acid phosphatase, were determined in osteoclast samples weighing 0.2 to 2.0 μg isolated from normal and parathyroid-treated rats. Aconitase activity measured in the direction of citrate to isocitrate was 0.5–0.8 M/Kd/H, the lowest of the activities studied. The activities of GDH and NADP-ICDH were 5 to 10 times higher than that of aconitase but only a tenth to a third that of acid phosphatase, lactic or malic dehydrogenase.

Metabolism of citric and malic acids during ripening of tomato fruit

Abstract: Tomato fruit at various stages of ripeness were injected with 14C-labelled citric and malic acids. The 14CO2 evolved by individual fruit was determined over a 72 h period and the fruit then analysed for the incorporation of 14C into sugars, amino acids and individual non-volatile organic acids. In mature green tomato fruit citric and malic acids were found to be metabolised to a comparable extent. Appreciable interconversion occurred together with oxidation to CO2 and some labelling of glutamic acid and glutamine. In red fruit, citric acid was not as readily oxidised to CO2 and little conversion to malic acid was observed. On the other hand, malic acid was oxidised to CO2 and converted to citric acid as rapidly as in green fruit with, in addition, appreciable conversion to glutamic acid. These results are discussed in relation to the changes in concentration of the endogenous acids which take place during the ripening of tomato fruit.

Citrate and alkaline phosphatase during transformation of fibroblasts by the matrix and minerals of bone.

Abstract: SummaryAllogeneic transplantation of demineralized rat bone initiates a chain reaction in responding fibroblasts; alkaline phosphatase and, later, citric acid increase to high levels. The chain reaction is not evoked by bone minerals; instead vast numbers of multinucleate osteoclastic giant cells form around the grafts with high levels of citric acid without an increase of alkaline phosphatase.

Mitochondrial activity during citric acid production by Aspergillus niger

Abstract: Tightly coupled mitochondria were isolated from Aspergillus niger during citric acid production. Intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) were oxidized by these mitochondria. Certain enzymes of the TCA cycle, condensing enzyme, aconitase, succinic dehydrogenase, fumarase, NAD-and NADP-linked isocitric dehydrogenase and malic dehydrogenase, were isolated at different stages of the citric acid fermentation. The activities of two enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle, isocitrate lyase and malate synthetase, were also assayed. All enzymes were functioning and there were no significant differences in activities during the citric acid fermentation. Thus it is considered that the TCA cycle may be fully operational during citric acid production.

Use of tartaric acid isomers and citric acid in the biotyping of Salmonella typhimurium

Abstract: The colour-change and lead acetate tests for fermentation of d-, l- and m-tartaric acids and citric acid used in the Kristensen scheme for biotyping Salmonella typhimurium were found to be unreliable because, whatever the conditions of culture, they gave different results in replicate tests of the same strains. Many genotypically non-fermenting strains gave inconsistent reactions due to the emergence of fermenting mutant bacilli in some of their test cultures. No reliable test was found for the fermentation of citric acid. A `turbidity' test was found to give consistent and reliable results with the three tartaric acid isomers. It demonstrated fermentation by the significantly greater amount of growth obtained in a 24 hr. culture in Oxoid peptone water with added isomer than in a control culture without isomer. Lewis & Stocker's (1971) plateinhibition test for fermentation of m-tartrate, which identifies m-tartrate-negative strains because m-tartrate inhibits their growth on citrate- or glycerol-containing minimal medium, was found to be as reliable as, and easier to read than, the turbidity test. Use of the turbidity test for d- and l-tartrates and the plate-inhibition test for m-tartrate in biotyping 1435 strains of S. typhimurium showed that many strains had previously been mistyped by the lead acetate test and distinguished 16 new biotypes in addition to the 22 biotypes already recognized.

Machine dishwashing detergent having a reduced condensed phosphate content

Abstract: Machine dishwashing detergents having a low condensed phosphate content and characterized by the presence therein of a metallic salt of citric acid (e.g. sodium citrate). An alkaline machine dishwashing detergent (e.g. pH at 1% concentration above 10.5) containing less than 30 weight percent on a dry basis of sodium tripolyphosphate and at least 5 weight percent of an alkali metal citrate.

Preservation of peaches for subsequent processing

Abstract: TECHNIQUE FOR PRESERVING PEACHES IN A FRESH STATE PENDING THEIR FINAL PROCESSING AS BY CANNING, FREEZING, OR THE LIKE. EXAMPLE: FRESH PEACHES ARE HALVED AND PITTED, DIPPED IN AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE AND ASCORBIC ACID, AND THEN STORED IN A DILUTE AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF CITRIC ACID OR LACTIC ACID OR MIXTURES THEREOF. WHEN CIRCUMSTANCES WARRANT, THE PEACHES ARE WITHDRAWN FORM THE SOLUTION IN WHICH THEY ARE BEIG STORED, AND FURTHER PROCESSED IN CONVENTIONAL MANNER.

Wetting liquid composition for offset master plate

Abstract: THE PRINTABILITY OF AN OFFSET MASTER PLATE CAN BE MARKEDLY IMPROVED BY USING A WETTING LIQUID COMPOSITION COMPRISING (A) AT LEAST ONE OF TRANSPARENT AND WATER INSOLUBLE FINE PARTICLES HAVING A PARTICLE SIZE OF NOT MORE THAN 0.1U SUCH AS COLLOIDAL SILICA AND ALUMINA, (B) AT LEAST ONE OF ALKALI METAL ALTS SUCH AS SULFATES, HALIDES AND NITRATES OF K AND NA, (C) AT LEAST ONE OF LOW MOLECULAR POLHYDRIC ALCOHOLS AND POLYALKYLENE OXIDES HAVING A MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF NOT MORE THAN 1000 SUCH AS POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL, PROPYLENE GLYCOL, DIETHYLENE GLYCOL AND HEXYLENE GLYCOL AND (D) AT LEAST ONE OF WEAK ORGANIC ACIDS SUCH AS CITRIC ACID, SUCCINIC ACID, TARTARIC ACID, ADIPIC ACID, ASCORBIC ACID AND PROPIONIC ACID. SAID COMPOSITION PREFERABLY HAS A PH VALUE OF ABOUT 4.0-5.6.

Citroylformic acid and its production

Abstract: CITROYLFORMIC ACID, USEFUL AS A SEQUESTRANT AND AS A NEW MATERIAL FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CITRIC ACID, CAN BE PRODUCED BY THE BIMOLECULAR DECARBOXYLATIVE SELF-CONDENSATION OF OXALOACETIC ACID.

The enhancement of orange oil oxidation by sulphur dioxide

Abstract: Reactions at 35°C of orange oil in contact with air and water were investigated by gas-liquid chromatography (g.l.c.) and by oxygen absorption measurements. Degradation of the orange oil was reduced in the presence of citric acid, but addition of sulphur dioxide caused a drastic increase, the extent and the rate of which were proportional to the initial concentration of the preservative. Several degradation products were identified.

Sealing anodized aluminum

Abstract: IN THE PROCESS FOR TREATING THE SURFACE OF ALUMINUM OR AN ALUMINUM ALLOY WHICH COMPRISES SUBJECTING SAID SURFACE TO AN ANODIC OXIDATION AND SUBSEQUENTLY SEALING WITH HOT WATER OR STEAM, THE IMPROVEMENT WHICH CONSISTS ESSENTIALLY OF SEALING SAID SURFACE BY APPLYING AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION CONTAINING FROM 0.0005 TO O.05 GM. PER LITER OF A HYDROXY CARBOXYLIC ACID SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF (A) CITRIC ACID, TARTARIC ACID, GALLIC ACID AND SACCHARIC ACID, (B) A WATER SOLUBLE SALT OF SAID ACIDS OF (A), AND (C) THE MIXTURES THEREOF AT A TEMPERATURE RANGING FROM 90* C. TO THE SOLUTION BOILING POINT TEMPERATURE AND AT A PH OF FROM 5 TO 6 TO THE ANODIC OXIDIZED SURFACE.

Process for the preparation of expandable microspheres

Abstract: Uniformity in the polymerization of expandable microspheres disclosed in U.S. Pat. 3,615,972 is improved by replacing a copolymer of adipic acid and diethanol amine with citric acid.

Process for the manufacture of sugarless confections

Abstract: A PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF CLEAR SORBITOL HARD CANDIES IS DESCRIBED WHICH PREVENTS THE CRYSTALLIZATION OF SORBITOL BY THE ADDITION OF AN ORGANIC ACID, SUCH AS CITRIC ACID, PRIOR TO THE COMPLETION OF THE COOKING STEP.

Chromate-free bright dip for zinc and cadmium surfaces

Abstract: 1. A HEDAVALENT CHROMIUM-FREE PULVERULENT COMPOSITION FOR DISSOLUTION IN WATER TO RPOVIDE A BRIGHT DIP FOR ZINC AND CADMIUM SURFACES, SAID COMPOSITION CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF (A) FROM 15% TO 99.8% BY WEIGHT OF A WATER-SOLUBLE NITRATE SALT; (B) UP TO 80% BY WEIGHT OF AN ACID SALT SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF SODIUM, POTASSIUM AND AMMONIUM BISULFATES AND SULFAMIC ACID; (C) FROM .2% TO 15% BY WEIGHT OF A WATER-SOLUBLE FLUORIDE SALT; (D) UP TO 15% BY WEIGHT OF CITRIC ACID; (E) UP TO 15% BY WEIGHT OF A TRIVELENT CHROMIUM COMPOUND; (F) UP TO 15% BY WEIGHT OF AN ACID SOLUBLE OXIDATION RESISTANT ORGANIC SYE; WHEREIN THE AMOUNT OF ACID SALT IN COMPOSITION IS ALWAYS SUFFICIENT TO PRODUCE A PH OF FROM 4.0 TO 0.5 UPON ADDITION OF FROM 0.3 TO 6 OZS. OF SAID COMPOSITION PER GALLON OF WATER.

Citric acid derivatives

Abstract: Citric acid derivatives of the formula Ia and corresponding threo-.beta.-lactones of the formula Ib as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts of these compounds have anorectic and antiobesity activity and can be prepared from aconitic acid and derivatives thereof.

Physiological Studies on Germination of Phaseolus mungo Seeds

Abstract: Changes in respiration rate and in the contents of various constituents during the early period of germination of Phaseolus mungo seeds were studied. The course of the respiration developed in three phases. A sharp rise was observed in the first phase (Phase a), followed by the second phase (Phase 6) of fairly constant respiration rate. The respiration rate increases again in the third phase (Phase c). The 02 uptake in Phases a and b was not inhibited by iodoacetate and fluoroacetate, while that in Phase c was inhibited. The contents of aspartic and glutamic acids and amides were very high. A decrease of aspartic acid content was notable during the first few hours of germination. Citric and malic acids were the major organic acid constituents. Citric acid content in the seeds decreased, while that of malic acid remained unchanged. The leaching of malic acid into the soaking medium was remarkable during the first 6 h of imbibition.

Whippable topping composition and process for producing the same

Abstract: 1. AN OILY COMPOSITION SUITABLE FOR PROVIDING WHIPPABLE TOPPING WHICH COMPRISES AN EDIBLE OIL, FAT, OR MIXTURE THEREOF HAVING A MELTING POINT NOT LESS THAN 10*C., 0.08-3% BY WEIGHT, CALCULATED AS ACETONE INSOLUBLE COMPONENTS, OF AN UNMODIFIFIED PHOSPHOLIPID BASED ON THE WEIGHT OF SAID OIL, FAT, OR MIXTURE THEREOF AND 0.1-3% BY WEIGHT OF AN EDIBLE HYDROPHILIC SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT BASED ON THE WEIGHT OF SAID OIL, FAT, OR MIXTURE THEREOF, SAID HYDROPHILIC SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT BEING NONOIONIC AND BEING SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF HIGHER-FATTY ACID ESTERS OF ESTERS OF POLYGLYCEROLS, HIGHER-FATTY ESTERS OF POLYOXYETHYLENE SORBITANE, HIGHER-FATTY ACID ESTERS OF SACCHAROSE, AND MONOGLYCERIDES OF MALIC ACID AND CITRIC ACID.

Topical steroid compositions

Abstract: A stable composition for topical steroids comprises a gel formed from propylene glycol, isopropyl alcohol or ethyl alcohol and a carboxymethylene hydrocolloid polymer, and optionally containing alkali metal metabisulfite and/or citric acid.

Coating solution of citric acid, malonic acid, or the acid ester of citric of malonic acid and a selected polyhydroxy aliphatic acid: and a selected fluoroolefin copolymer

Abstract: Coating solution of certain multicarboxylic acids, e.g., citric acid and certain reactive copolymers, e.g., copolymers containing hydroxyl groups or glycidyl groups, that yields an adherent, transparent, hydrolysis-resistant, abrasion-resistant, thermoformable coating, when cured at moderate temperatures for relatively short times.

Influence of citric acid administration upon renal ammoniagenesis in the acidotic dog and rat.

Abstract: Citric acid reduced ammoniagenesis both in vitro and in vivo by the acidotic dog kidney. In the dog, renal cortical levels of citric acid, α-ketoglutaric acid (α-KG), glutamate, and glutamine were lower in the acidotic than nonacidotic state. Citric acid administration elevated tissue citric acid level 10-fold above the acidotic level, but levels of α-KG, glutamate, and glutamine remained unchanged. In kidney slices taken from acidotic dogs, citric acid levels were greatly elevated reducing ammonia production but failing to increase tissue glutamate. In the acidotic rat kidney, citric acid inhibited ammoniagenesis by incorporating ammonia into glutamate and glutamine. Although citric acid reduces ammoniagenesis in both acidotic rat and dog kidney, the rat kidney produces glutamine and glutamate while the dog kidney does not; consequently the mechanism by which citric acid influences ammoniagenesis appears to differ in the species.

Cleaning composition and preparation and use thereof

Abstract: 1 A PRODUCT CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF THE PRODUCT OF REACTION IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF BORIC ACID, AN ALIPHATIC CARBOXYLIC CHELATING AGENT AND POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE REACTED AT A PH WITHIN THE RANGE OF 96 TO 105 IN PROPORTIONS TO GIVE A HOMOGENEOUS SOLUTION WHICH IS NON-FLOCCULATING AT 20* C, SAID CHELATING AGENT BEING FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF GLUCONIC ACID AND WATER SOLUBLE GLUCONATES, LACTIC ACID AND WATER SOLUBLE TARTRATES, CITRIC ACID AND WATER SOLUBLE CITRATES, OXALIC ACID AND WATER SOLUBLE OXALATES, LACTIC ACID AND WATER SOLUBLE LACTATES, ETHYLENE DIAMINE TETRAACETIC ACID AND ITS WATER SOLUBLE SALTS, N-HYDROXYETHYL ETHYLENE DIAMINE TRIACETRIC ACID AND ITS WATER SOLUBLE SALTS, NITRILOTRIACETIC ACID AND ITS WATER SOLUBLE SALTS, AND DIETHYLENE TRIMANE PENTAACETIC ACID AND ITS WATER SOLUBLE SALTS, THE MOLAR RATIO OF BORIC ACID, CAKCULATED AS B2O3, TO POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE TO INHIBIT PRECIPITATION AS K2O, BEING WITHIN AGEN OF 1;3 TO 3:1 AND THE QUALITY OF SAID CHELATING AGENT BEING SUFFICIENT TO INHIBIT PRECIPITATION, THE RESULTANT SOLUTION CONTAINING 40% TO 60% BY WEIGHT DISSOLVED SOLIDS

Process for preparing citric acid

Abstract: A PROCESS FOR PREPARING CITRIC ACID, COMPRISING CARBOXYLATING ACETONE WITH CARBON DIOXIDE IN AN INERT DIPOLAR APROTIC MEDIUM, SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF N-DIALKYL-SUBSTITUTED AMIDES OF ORGANIC ACIDS, N-ALKYLLACTAMS HAVING UP TO 10 CARBON ATOMS, AND DIMETHYL SULPHOXIDE IN THEPRESENCE OF AT LEAST 4 MOLES OF PHENOL ALKALINE SALTS PER EACH MOLE OF ACETONE, AT A TEMPERATURE BETWEEN 0* AND 60*C. AND AT A SUBSTANTIALLY ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, TO YIELD A 3-KETOGLUTARIC ACID ALKALINE SALT. CYANURATING SAID 3-KETOGLUTARIC ACID ALKALINE SALT WITH HCN IN EXCESS WITH RESPECT TO THE THEORETICAL AMOUNT NECESSARY TO OBTAIN THE CYANOHYDRIN OF THE 3-KETOGLUTORIC ACID, AT A TEMPERATURE RANGING FROM 0* TO 20*C. SUBSEQUENTLY HYDROLYZING THE CYANOHYDRIN THUS OBTAINED WITH SULPHURIC ACID IN EXCESS WITH RESPECT TO THE PRESENT ALKALI AND NITROGEN TO YIELD CITRIC ACID. RECOVERING THE CITRIC ACID AS AN ALKALINE EARTH METAL SALT.