Showing papers on "Conceptualization published in 1976"
TL;DR: The authors investigated the dimensionality and measurement of self-reported self-disclosure and found that self-perceptions of disclosure to 20 "target" persons were found to involve at least five relatively uncorrelated dimensions.
Abstract: This study investigated the dimensionality and measurement of self-reported self-disclosure. Self-perceptions of disclosure to 20 “target” persons were found to involve at least five relatively uncorrelated dimensions. An initial instrument was developed for measuring these dimensions. Further improvement in measurement was recommended.
467 citations
01 Dec 1976
TL;DR: The importance of self-esteem to theoretical, evaluative and policy oriented research is stressed, which puts a premium on an adequate conceptualization and operationalization of selfesteem.
Abstract: The importance of self-esteem to theoretical, evaluative and policy oriented research is stressed, which puts a premium on an adequate conceptualization and operationalization of self-esteem. A literature review is presented suggesting that various writers express dissatisfaction with a model of self-esteem which gives pre-emptory emphasis to the approval of others as its only source. It is concluded from these writings that feedback from one's own actions on an impersonal environment must be viewed as an analytically distinct dimension of self-esteem. It is argued that both outer and inner dimensions can be seen as belonging inside a sociological frame of reference. Findings from a construct validity study of the dual approach to self-esteem are presented using the potency and evaluative dimensions of the semantic differential as indicators of "instrumental" and "socio-emotional" problems, the "systemic" analogues of inner and outer self-esteem. Criterion variables and propositions are derived from a thesis largely supplied by Smith (1968). Seven out of 10 of the hypotheses comprising the validation study are statistically confirmed, leading the authors to conclude that the model is worthy of further development.
213 citations
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss some major substantive issues in the conceptualization of self-reward and self-regulation, and discuss the need to consider other signifi cant determinants and processes, which can reinforce a truncated image of human nature.
Abstract: How behavior is viewed determines which facets of human functioning are studied most thoroughly and which are ignored or disavowed. Conceptions thus delimit research and are, in turn, shaped by findings from paradigms embodying that particular view. Theorists who exclude self-regulatory functions from their concept of human poten tialities restrict the scope of their research to external influences on behavior. Detailed analysis of behavior as a function of external consequences provides confirmatory evidence that behavior is indeed subject to external control. However, limiting the scope of scientific inquiry not only yields redundant results but, by disregarding other signifi cant determinants and processes, it can reinforce a truncated image of human nature. From the perspective of social learning theory (Bandura, 1976), people are seen as capable of exercising some control over their own behavior. Among the various self regulatory phenomena that have been investigated within this framework, self reinforcement occupies a prominent position. In this process, individuals regulate their behavior by making self-reward conditional upon matching self-prescribed standards of performance. Acknowledgement of self-regulatory processes has added a new dimen sion to experimental analyses of reinforcement. Results of such studies have provided the impetus for extending the range of reinforcement practices in programs designed to effect personal change. Interest was shifted from managing behavior through imposition of contingencies to developing skills in self-regulation. In the latter approach, control is vested to a large extent in the hands of individuals themselves: They set their own goals, they monitor and evaluate their own performances, and they serve as their own reinforc ing agents (Goldfried and Merbaum, 1973; Mahoney and Thoresen, 1974). The present paper discusses some major substantive issues in the conceptualization of self reinforcement.
201 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyze the phenomenon of research specialization in science and present a state-of-the-art review of evidence from so-called specialty case studies, which can be found in the literature.
Abstract: This paper analyzes the phenomenon of research specialization in science. The format consists of two sections. The first features a state-of-the-art review of evidence from so-called specialty case...
184 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the relationship between borders and war, borders and alliances, and the diffusion of war in the international system and use the data derived from this framework to describe international system in terms of borders for the period 1946•1965.
Abstract: While international borders are important in understanding the “shape” of the international system and are part of those structural characteristics which affect the interaction opportunities of nations, little attention has been paid to their conceptualization, operationalization, and measurement. This paper undertakes four tasks to help fill this gap. The first is to indicate the potentially theoretical role that borders may play in international relations, discussing the relationships between distance/contiguity and interaction opportunities. The second task entails the conceptualization and measurement of international borders. The third task involves using the data derived from this framework to describe the international system in terms of borders for the period 1946‐1965. The fourth task is to indicate the utility of a border data set by addressing questions which have been posed in the international relations literature. Research results are presented for several questions concerning the relationships between borders and war, borders and alliances, and the diffusion of war.
162 citations
TL;DR: A theoretical framework for the exploration of processes of fusion and individuation is presented, with suggested applications for the study of problems experienced by adult couples.
Abstract: Growing interest in concepts of fusion and individuation within a number of different theoretical systems of psychotherapy suggests an emerging shift in perspective in the conceptualization of psychopathology and psychotherapy. This shift may represent a first step in the integration of individual and relational dynamic theories. A theoretical framework for the exploration of processes of fusion and individuation is presented, with suggested applications for the study of problems experienced by adult couples. The process of individuation from fusion to dialogue is outlined in the description of four modes of relationship. In this context, the paper suggests ways in which a variety of problematic relational patterns seen in couples may be viewed as reflecting the partners' struggles to move from fusion to dialogue.
146 citations
TL;DR: The analysis of labor supply has been enriched in recent years by two developments in the theory of household behavior as discussed by the authors, namely, the conceptualization that labor supply is associated with decisions concerning a number of nonmarket activities, including childbearing, education, and marriage.
Abstract: The analysis of labor supply has been enriched in recent years by two developments in the theory of household behavior. One is the conceptualization of labor supply as being associated with decisions concerning a number of nonmarket activities, including childbearing, education, and marriage.' A second is the conceptualization of wage rates in the market and home as choice variables that depend on search, work, and investment activities of the household members.2 The theoretical advances have, in a word, "endogenized" a wide spectrum of what were previously considered exogenous determinants of labor supply. The analysis has been further complicated by other aspects of these developments: attention to the family context and to simultaneity in work and investment choices among family members; attention to such unobservable constraints as tastes and technology as relevant omitted variables (when they are not considered as additional endogenous variables!) ; 3 and various restrictive assumptions that are necessary to make particular applications of the
128 citations
TL;DR: Credibility should be conceptualized as a process involving source-message characteristics, inferred attributes, source functions in specific topic-situations, criteria for source acceptability, and receiver responses as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Reservations are offered about three aspects of factor‐analytic studies of credibility: (I) scale selection and factor naming procedures; (2) statistical procedures; and (3) their conceptualization of credibility. Scales have seldom been selected by a pre‐sample of subjects, semantic differential scales have been used almost exclusively, and similar names have been applied to factors which contain different scales. Certain credibility factor structures have been used as if they were generalizable far beyond the raters, sources, and factoring procedures which generated them. Credibility ought to be conceptualized as a process involving (a) source‐message characteristics, (b) inferred attributes, (c) source functions in specific topic‐situations, (d) criteria for source acceptability, and (e) receiver responses.
99 citations
88 citations
TL;DR: Later Parsonian formulations which view illness as impaired adaptive capacity rather than deviance, and which attribute less importance to social control and to medical instrumentality, offer a fruitful prospect for a more thoroughgoing conceptualization.
TL;DR: In this paper, concepts of the white working class commonly found in the literature are critically analyzed and an alternative conceptualization which begins from the mode of production is outlined, with a brief analysis of changes in the relationship between the white workers and the state.
Abstract: In general, the analysis of classes in the literature on South Africa beginsfrom the political and ideological levels and not from the concept of the mode of production. The effect of this is to obscure the nature of the class structure and changes in it and leads to a neglect of shifts in class alliances in the class struggle. In this paper, concepts of the ‘white working class’ commonly found in the literature are critically analysed and an alternative conceptualization which begins from the mode of production is outlined. The paper ends with a brief analysis of changes in the relationship between the white working class and the state.
TL;DR: In this paper, a tentative typology of deviant adaptation is constructed utilizing questions of commitment to approved cultural goals and the degree to wich achievement of substantial progress toward such goals is realized.
Abstract: Merton's conceptualization of anomie theory is examined in terms of the influence of the economic and social conditions surrounding its initial formulation: circumstance of chronic depression. The anomie potentially generated by unanticipated affluence, a more central concern for Durkheim, is discussed by way of contrast. A tentative typology of deviant adaptation is constructed utilizing questions of (a) commitment to approved cultural goals and (b) the degree to wich achievement of substantial progress toward such goals is realized. It is suggested that this typology might be particularly effective in the understanding of deviance at higher socioeconomic levels. The essay also consider implication of Durkheim's underlying model of the human.
TL;DR: Three national firms’ salesmen’s perceptions of their control system were related to the salesmen's performance to identify the most important control system characteristics.
Abstract: Conceptualization and empirical investigation of marketing management control systems have not developed to the point where terms, concepts, and methods are clear enough to provide reliable guideli...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a conceptualization of logical competence based on three dimensions: principles, content, and complexity, which includes a variety of logical principles, including validity and invalidity principles, comprising the principle dimension.
Abstract: ENNIS, ROBERT H. An Alternative to Piaget's Conceptualization of Logical Competence. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1976, 47, 903-919. The proposed conceptualization of logical competence has 3 dimensions: principles, content, and complexity. A variety of logical principles, including validity and invalidity principles, comprise the principle dimension. Contemporary parsimonious formulations and reductions of logical principles, including truth-table explications, are avoided in order to be faithful to the meanings of the logical connectives. Aspects of the content dimension are premise disbelief, conclusional commitment, symbolization, unfamiliarity, and abstractness. The complexity dimension consists of number of connections, intricacy of the argument, nonstandard order of the parts of the argument, inclusion of irrelevant material, and negation. Logical competence then consists of the grasp of the logical principles, the ability to avoid content interference, and the ability to handle complexity. The total system is essentially a taxonomy providing a vocabulary for formulating and testing hypotheses. Some research results are formulated in its terms.
TL;DR: The conceptualization of stress is reviewed, the development of nine stressor scales are outlined, and their content and scale characteristics are listed.
Abstract: A major goal of a cross-sectional survey of 2,299 Chicago adults has been to assess various current social stressors prevalent in a normal population. Herein, we review our conceptualization of str...
TL;DR: Roles are among the most basic structural components of both social systems and personal systems: the value aspects of roles connect person to culture, the normative aspects of role provide motivation to conduct and structure to social action, and the sense-making or interpretive aspects determine much of personal cognition, attitudinal predispositions, memories, and plans as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Roles are among the most basic structural components of both social systems and personal systems: the value aspects of roles connect person to culture, the normative aspects of roles provide motivation to conduct and structure to social action, and the "sense-making" or interpretive aspects of roles determine much of personal cognition, attitudinal predispositions, memories, and plans. Self-conceptions are the special systems of reflexive meanings (categorical inclu sions and dimensional characterizations, both cognitive and evaluative) that persons develop in the process of interpreting their own actions and relationships to each of the persons and other social objects that become significant to them (Gordon 1963, 1966: 1 1 6; Gordon & Gergen 1968; Gergen 1970). The orienting purpose of this chapter is to integrate the major themes in the recent theoretical and empirical literature concerning the development, modification, relin quishment, and general functioning of role identities as key components that inter connect persons and social systems by providing both location and motivation of the individual within the role-taking and role-making processes (Turner 1962, McCall & Simmons 1966). The conceptualization of role to be used is that offered by Ralph Turner:
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide some direct evidence on the magnitude of the learning-by-doing phenomenon for the case of a recreational activity involving considerable skill-namely, whitewater recreation.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to provide some direct evidence on the magnitude of the "learning-by-doing" phenomenon for the case of a recreational activity involving considerable skill-namely, whitewater recreation The concept of learning-by-doing in relation to recreational activities was first introduced by Davidson, Adams and Seneca [1966] for water-based activities They noted that: "If water recreational facilities are neither available nor easily accessible, people tend not to engage in these activities Should they participate, however, their realized enjoyment often exceeds their expectation and as a result they will tend to increase their demand for facilities Moreover, skill is often essential for the enjoyment of these activities" [1966, p 186] While their conceptualization of this influence on the demand for outdoor recreation has gained rather wide acceptance in the recreation literature, there has been surprisingly little direct empirical evidence on the potential magnitude of its effect2 Moreover, it is not clear from their discussion whether the effects of the learning process on an individual's demand for various types of recreational opportunities will have limits It would seem unreasonable to expect that the "demand-creation" effects of past participation and its associated learning will persist indefinitely Consider the effects of an individual's initial levels of participation in a given period on his demand in ensuing periods, versus the same level of participation in these activities after several seasons of past experience The two cases are likely to have quite different effects on the individual's future demand While Davidson, Adams and Seneca are not explicit on these differences, their discussion suggests that the two patterns of use should have different implications for future demands Unfortunately, these effects have not been formally discussed Accordingly, we propose to outline one model for examining the effects of experience on an
TL;DR: The authors of as discussed by the authors pointed out that the conceptual literature consists either of analytical speculation' or of model building, and that the models turn out to comprise a mixture of normative and descriptive elements, of programmatic and conceptual designs, and of ideological and instrumental approaches, which makes it impossible to study the effect of different features of innovations within the same population.
Abstract: Despite a plethora of writing on issues related to the diffusion, adoption, and implementation of educational innovations, the literature suffers from a number of deficiencies. The conceptual literature consists either of analytical speculation' or of model building.2 Model building appears to offer a needed synthesis of the many lines of inquiry in this domain, but on closer inspection the models turn out to comprise a mixture of normative and descriptive elements, of programmatic and conceptual designs, and of ideological and instrumental approaches.3 In short, conceptualization tends to be highly speculative, ad hoc, and value laden. A fundamental and persisting problem is that an empirical basis for both analytical and synthetic work is sorely lacking. A major weakness is that research tends to concentrate on a single innovation, such as differentiated staffing, programmed instruction, team teaching, 8-mm film, the new math, and so on.4 This practice makes it impossible to study the effect of the different features of innovations within the same population. Since innovative practices vary in critical ways (cost, complexity, transportability, explicitness), it would seem important to examine the influence of these features on adoption and implementation. Surely the developers and disseminators of innovations would benefit from greater knowledge of this matter. And yet, while there is considerable speculation about these features based on studies of single innovations,5 there is little evidence'drawn from a comparison of several innovations in the same study. Even when an
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: The second status report of the IIASA Project on Energy Systems as discussed by the authors provides an insight into the present status of the work of the energy project, not as a comprehensive book or a set of results that are final in one way or other.
Abstract: This is the written version of the second status report of the IIASA Project on Energy Systems. (The oral version was presented in October in Laxenburg, Austria, and later in Varna, Bulgaria.) By its nature, it is intended as an insight into the present status of the work of the energy project, not as a comprehensive book or a set of results that are final in one way or other.
The IIASA energy project began in the summer of 1973 and we expect it to continue until the end of 1978. Thus nearly half of the time available to us has elapsed. During this first period we focused on the conceptualization of the systems aspects of the energy problem. &ow, the energy project is beginning to concentrate on a number of more specific and operational tasks.
The Introduction provides both an explanation of the overall approach and the frame for the individual contributions, which cover certain aspects in greater depth. Notwithstanding my overall responsibility as project leader, each author is responsible for his own independent contribution. Yet it is clear that this status report represents the results of the energy team as a whole.
TL;DR: Awareness of death in the disengagement theory of aging is the variable purported to trigger the process of disengagement as mentioned in this paper, and the literature is reviewed for a conceptualization of this variable.
Abstract: Awareness of death in the disengagement theory of aging is the variable purported to trigger the disengagement process. In this paper the literature is reviewed for a conceptualization of this vari...
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied how the psychotic child acquires the basic logical thought structures, and compared the differences between these two groups of subjects have stressed the importance and meaning of the respective deficiencies.
Abstract: Few things are known about how the psychotic child acquires the basic logical thought structures. Most experimental work has sought to analyze the intellectual activity of these subjects in terms of the efficiency aspect. But not everyone is in total agreement concerning this: is the psychotic more productive in verbal or nonverbal fields? Are his conceptualization abilities inferior, superior, or equal to his other intellectual performances? On the other hand, much work along the same line has concerned the mentally retarded, and the problem of the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the levels of intellectual performance has been much debated. Finally, comparisons between these two groups of subjects have stressed the importance and meaning of the respective deficiencies.
TL;DR: The concept of party identification, or a loyalty to a political party different from the vote in any single election, has been one of the most widely used, and useful, for the study of voting choice.
Abstract: The concept of party identification, or a loyalty to a political party different from the vote in any single election, has been one of the most widely used, and useful, for the study of voting choice. It was developed first for the analysis of American politics but it has now been much employed in studies of voting in other nations.' However, while being widely adopted, it has also elicited some criticism which has called the validity of the concept, or at least its relevance, into question.2 This critical view has predominated in Canada as well, although some arguments have emerged on the support side.3 One aspect of the controversy is the conceptualization of party identification. It will be argued here that some of the concerns about utility and relevance are eliminated when the conceptual question is directly faced. It will be shown that one formulation permits the employment of the concept in both "multi-party systems that are apparently undergoing great change"4 and in the more stable
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: A perfunctory review of the literature on alienation shows the abundance of alienation concepts currently in use as mentioned in this paper and their definitions are often vague, self-contradictory or overlapping.
Abstract: Even the most perfunctory review of the literature on alienation shows the abundance of alienation concepts currently in use. Their definitions are often vague, self-contradictory or overlapping. The concept has a different content in almost every one of the social sciences, partly because it is employed to explain such disparate phenomena as ‘deviant’ behavior in criminology, voter apathy in political science, schizophrenia in psychiatry, disturbances in interpersonal contacts in social psychology and powerlessness in sociology. Moreover, within each of these sciences several schools of thought develop their own concept; in fact, almost every author tries to do so.
TL;DR: This paper presented a new conceptualization of bibliotherapy and discussed its therapeutic applications with young children (ages two to seven). An annotated bibliography of useful books is included. But they did not discuss the therapeutic applications of books for young children.
Abstract: This paper presents a new conceptualization of bibliotherapy and discusses its therapeutic applications with young children (ages two to seven). An annotated bibliography of useful books is included.
TL;DR: A survey of a decade of research in a particular area should describe the substantive nature (topics treated) as well as methodological characteristics of rural community studies reviewed in this article, and the authors take up the first of these in the section on thematic emphases and the second in our discussion of levels of analysis.
Abstract: Any survey of a decade of research in a particular area should describe the substantive nature (topics treated) as well as methodological characteristics. We take up the first of these in the section on thematic emphases and the second in our discussion of levels of analysis. Initially, however, it is important to clarify the definition of guidelines for the selection of the rural community studies reviewed here. By rural we mean communities that are (a) relatively small in size (in many cases they would meet the US census definition of rural, i.e. have a population of 2500 or less1); (b) nonmetropolitan, i.e. do not fall within the penumbra of a metropolitan area (for example, suburbs, regardless of size, are excluded, as are other fringe areas); and (c) of a clearly rural character, i.e. exist in the midst of an agricultural area, an area characterized as a "primacy economy," or one marked by other obvious nonurban cultural, social, and ecological characteristics. Rather than using rigid definitions, we examined each study on its merits with the above considerations in mind. A community with a population of, say, 3500 was not necessarily excluded merely because it exceeded the census definition of rural. If it appeared to be essentially rural in character and was not within a metropolitan area (e.g. a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area), it would be included. To qualify as a community study there must be some indication that the investigator was examining an interaction system in which territoriality (or a spatial dimension) was an explicit factor. Not only did there have to be some evidence of either an explicit or implicit conceptualization of "community" in the mind of the investi-
TL;DR: In this article, a conceptualization and program design is presented for physical education and sport programs in the USA, with a focus on outdoor sports and outdoor activities, including water sports.
Abstract: (1976). A Conceptualization and Program Design. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 47, Including Leisure Today, pp. 41-43.