Showing papers on "Conceptualization published in 1998"

The Impact of Market Knowledge Competence on New Product Advantage: Conceptualization and Empirical Examination:

Abstract: Although the role of market knowledge competence in enhancing new product advantage is assumed widely in the literature, empirical studies are lacking because of an absence of the concept definitio...

Cognitive Therapy of Anxiety Disorders: A Practice Manual and Conceptual Guide

Abstract: Treating Anxiety Disorders Cognitive Therapy of Anxiety Disorders: A Practice Manual and Conceptual Guide Adrian Wells. New York: John Wiley & Sons (www.wiley.com). 1997, 314pp. Since the publication of Anxiety Disorders and Phobias: A Cognitive Perspective (1985) by Beck, Emery, and Greenberg, there have been significant advances in the treatment of the entire range of anxiety disorders. In this important book, Adrian Wells has attempted to present the reader with both a conceptual and practical guide to the treatment of the major anxiety disorders, bringing together much of the interesting and challenging work by David Clark, Paul Salkovskis, himself, and others. He has succeeded in providing us with an important book that significantly advances the field. The book can be divided into three sections: a review of the basic principles and techniques of cognitive therapy, separate chapters on each of the anxiety disorders (including hypochondriasis), and a last chapter on future directions. The cognitive conceptualization throughout this book is that anxiety disorders are often maintained by the patient's misinterpretation of symptoms (panic, hypochondriasis), thoughts (obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety), and feelings (obsessive-compulsive disorder). Because of the emphasis on the patient's mislabeling of symptoms ("I'm having a heart attack"), maladaptive assumptions ("I have to get rid of my anxiety, completely"), conditional statements ("If I have a thought, then I'll act on it") and schemas ("I have no control"), each anxiety disorder can only be completely understood by developing a cognitive conceptualization. It is the emphasis on a deep, detailed and penetrating cognitive conceptualization that makes this book an outstanding contribution to the literature. At the center of the cognitive conceptualization is the identification of the patient's theory of his problem and how he has been trying to cope with his problem through safety behaviors such as avoidance, escape, magical rituals, reassuranceseeking and distraction. Behaviorists have emphasized "behavioral exposure" as the sine qua non of treatment?and Wells does use exposure techniques. The key element here is what "behavioral exposure" really teaches the patient?what does it confirm or disconfirm? For example, if someone has a fear of flying and she flies 10 times, what does this "exposure" disconfirm if she is practicing safety-prayers or seeking reassurance? Although Wells does not make this point directly, we should be mindful that the concept of exposure comes from the animal literature on extinction. Because of its "black-box" behaviorist legacy, behavior therapists have assumed that the "situation" that the individual is exposed to will sufficiently lead to the extinction of the anxiety. But, what Wells is really asking is the central cognitive (and theoretical) question: "What is the situation for the patient?" This has been a traditional controversy in much earlier debates between strict behaviorists like Skinner and "pure cognitivists" like Koffka and Kohler?that is, what is a "stimulus"? Wells is really making the point that the "situation" to which the patient is exposed can only be defined by the patient's cognitive construction. If we examine what the patient thinks about the situation, Wells indicates that we find that the anxious patient often believes that his covert avoidance, safetybehaviors and distraction have protected him from the full impact of the "stimulus"? that is, there has not been complete exposure. This raises the central issue in all exposure?that is, it must allow for disconfirmation of a specific thought or hypothesis. Consequently, Wells indicates that the therapist must fully assess any "protective" safety behaviors, assess the patient's theory about how this behavior protects him or allows him to be responsible, and what specific predictions the patient is making prior to exposure (e. …

Growth points in thinking-for-speaking

Abstract: Many bilingual speakers believe they engage in different forms of thinking when they shift languages. This experience of entering different thought worlds can be explained with the hypothesis that languages induce different forms of `thinking-for-speaking'-- thinking generated, as Slobin (1987) says, because of the requirements of a linguistic code. "`Thinking for speaking' involves picking those characteristics that (a) fit some conceptualization of the event, and (b) are readily encodable in the language"[2] (p. 435). That languages differ in their thinking-for-speaking demands is a version of the linguistic relativity hypothesis, the proposition that language influences thought and that different languages influence thought in different ways.

The Conceptualization and Analysis of Change Over Time: An Integrative Approach Incorporating Longitudinal Mean and Covariance Structures Analysis (LMACS) and Multiple Indicator Latent Growth Modeling (MLGM)

Abstract: The concept of change over time is fundamental to many phenomena investigated in organizational research. This didactically oriented article proposes an integrative approach incorporating longitudinal mean and covariance structures analysis and multiple indicator latent growth modeling to aid organizational researchers in directly addressing fundamental questions concerning the conceptualization and analysis of change over time. The approach is illustrated using a numerical example involving several organizationally relevant variables. Advantages, limitations, and extensions of the approach are discussed.

Technology development mode: a transaction cost conceptualization

Abstract: Technology alliances have emerged in the past decade as a significant mode for the development of innovation. The present research assesses the factors explaining whether firms will engage in such technology alliances or utilize the more traditional mode of internal R&D. The hypotheses stem from a transaction cost conceptualization. Results suggest that firms which pursue technology alliances are likely to have less commitment to product category-specific assets, to face higher technological uncertainty, to be more capable at measuring innovation performance, to have more successful technology alliance experiences, and to compete in lower growth product categories. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Adolescent Substance Abuse: A Review of the Past 10 Years

Abstract: Objective To review and synthesize the recent scientific literature on adolescent substance abuse, covering natural history, epidemiology, etiology, comorbidity, assessment, treatment, and prevention, and to highlight areas for future research. Method Studies of adolescent substance abuse were reviewed with the focus on substance abuse and dependence rather than substance use. Results There has been a sharp recent resurgence in adolescent drug use. Biological factors, including genetic and temperament characteristics, as well as family environment factors, are emerging as important etiological variables. Comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders, particularly with conduct disorder, is frequent and complicates treatment. New assessment instruments are available for clinical and research use. Among treatment modalities, family-based interventions have received the most study. Conclusions The past decade has seen growth in the volume and sophistication of research on adolescent substance abuse and in the conceptualization of this problem. Further research is needed, particularly on the significance of comorbid conditions and on individualized and effective treatment approaches. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1998, 37(3):252–261.

Conceptualizing social justice in education: mapping the territory

Abstract: Within recent studies of education policy, social justice has been an under‐theorized concept. This paper is an attempt to begin to remedy this situation. It critically examines some of the most prominent ways in which social justice has been and is being thought about within various traditions of social theory and concludes by sketching out a framework for conceptualizing social justice in the context of education policy research. However, the main purpose of the paper is not to provide a definitive conceptualization of social justice but to open up a debate which might usefully inform the work of the education policy research community.

Betrayal of Trust in Organizations

Abstract: Examples of violations or betrayals of trust in organizations abound. Despite growing concern in organizations, relatively little theory exists regarding the dynamics of trust violations from the perpetrator's (rather than the victim's) perspective. We adopt the betrayer's perspective in this article and, drawing from multiple literatures, offer a conceptualization of betrayal, differentiating it from deviant and antisocial behaviors in organizations. Next, we propose a typology of betrayal before focusing on the most common form: opportunistic betrayal. We then develop a model of its antecedents and moderators and highlight the intrapersonal-, interpersonal-, and organization-level characteristics of the model's components. We end by discussing implications for theory, research, and practice.

High‐versus low‐Context culture: A comparison of Chinese, Korean, and American cultures

Abstract: The potential usefulness of Hall's concept of high- versus low-context cultures to international marketing has been discussed widely. However, implications of this concept in marketing have largely been discussed descriptively and little attempt has been made to empirically compare various cultures in a real setting. In this article the authors report the findings from a cross-cultural study that attempts to show whether Hall's description of the characteristics of high- and low-context cultures can indeed be empirically confirmed. With the use of a survey consisting of 16 items, subjects from three different countries—China, Korea, and the U.S.—representing both high- and low-context cultures, are studied. Overall, the results show that the three cultures differ in a way that is consistent with Hall's conceptualization. Specifically, the Chinese and Korean subjects are shown to exhibit tendencies that are consistent with Hall's description of high-context cultures, and the American subjects are shown to exhibit tendencies that are consistent with low-context cultures. For example, the subjects from China and Korea are found to be more socially oriented, to be more confrontation-avoiding, and to have more trouble dealing with new situations. The article concludes by pointing to a further need for efforts in developing measurement scales for the concept. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Fieldwork Under Fire: Contemporary Studies of Violence and Survival.

Abstract: Fieldwork Under Fire is a path-breaking collection of essays written by anthropologists who have experienced the unpredictability and trauma of political violence firsthand. These essays combine theoretical, ethnographic, and methodological points of view to illuminate the processes and solutions that characterize life in dangerous places. They describe the first, often harrowing, experience of violence, the personal and professional problems that arise as troubles escalate, and the often surprising creative strategies people use to survive. In "writing violence," the authors give voice to all those affected by the conditions of violence: perpetrators as well as victims, civilians and specialists, black marketeers and heroes, jackals and researchers. Focusing on everyday experiences, these essays bring to light the puzzling contradictions of lives disturbed by violence: the simultaneous existence of laughter and suffering, of fear and hope. By doing so, they challenge the narrow conceptualization that associates violence with death and war, arguing that instead it must be considered a dimension of living.

Marketing Researcher Ethical Sensitivity: Conceptualization, Measurement, and Exploratory Investigation:

Abstract: Theoretical models of marketing ethics propose that people first must perceive the presence of an ethical issue before the process of ethical decision making can begin. Through the concept of ethic...

Semantic Typology and Spatial Conceptualization

Abstract: This project collected linguistic data for spatial relations across a typologically and genetically varied set of languages. In the linguistic analysis, we focus on the ways in which propositions may be functionally equivalent across the linguistic communities while nonetheless representing semantically quite distinctive frames of reference. Running nonlinguistic experiments on subjects from these language communities, we find that a population's cognitive frame of reference correlates with the linguistic frame of reference within the same referential domain.

Theorising inequalities in health : the place of lay knowledge.

Abstract: This paper contributes to the development of theory and research on inequalities in health. Our central premise is that these are currently limited because they fail adequately to address the relationship between agency and structure, and that lay knowledge in the form of narrative has a significant contribution to make to this endeavour. The paper is divided into three sections. In the first section we briefly review the existing, largely quantitative research on inequalities in health. We then move on to consider some of the most significant critiques of this body of work highlighting three issues: the pursuit of overly simple unidimensional explanations within 'risk factor' epidemiology and the (probably inevitable) inability of this research tradition to encompass the full complexity of social processes; the failure to consider the social context of individual behaviour and, in particular, the possibility for, and determinants of, creative human agency; and, thirdly, the need for 'place' and 'time' (both historical and biographical) to be given greater theoretical prominence. In the final section of the paper the potential theoretical significance of 'place' and 'lay knowledge', and the relationship between these concepts, in inequalities research is explored. Here we suggest three developments as a necessary condition for a more adequate theoretical framework in this field. We consider first the need for the conceptualisation and measurement of 'place' within a historical context, as the location in which macro social structures impact on people's lives. Second, we argue for a re-conceptualisation of lay knowledge about everyday life in general and the nature and causes of health and illness in particular, as narratives which have embedded within them explanations for what people do and why – and which, in turn, shape social action. Finally, we suggest that this narrative knowledge is also the medium through which people locate themselves within the places they inhabit and determine how to act within and upon them. Lay knowledge therefore offers a vitally important but neglected perspective on the relationship between social context and the experience of health and illness at the individual and population level.

Postmodern fertility preferences: from changing value orientation to new behaviour

Abstract: This paper examines whether the term postmodernism or its derivatives can be useful in demographic studies and population analysis. It is noted that postmodernism and its derivatives can play a role in scientific study of population if precise conceptualization is formulated. Although it is difficult to attain such precision due to elusiveness of the concept conceptualization of postmodernity as a historical era can be beneficial. As such postmodernity can strengthen the links between demography and theorizing in the social sciences more generally. It also offers an opportunity to study demographic change and understand its relation with broader cultural and economic changes in society. Another approach to conceptualization of postmodernity suggests little variation across industrialized societies as noted in fertility preferences. Moreover preferences of respondents with postmaterialist or postmodernist value orientation appear to be higher than their materialist and modernist counterparts. In this respect theoretical propositions underlying the shift to postmodernity account the impact of social economic and technological change on demographic change.

Police subculture reconsidered

Abstract: Most comprehensive discussions of the police acknowledge the inability of legal and bureaucratic regulations to determine officer behavior. Attention is turned instead toward the informal norms developed within the police subculture. These discussions, however, tend to overstress the chasm between the formal and informal. They also provide inadequate tools for understanding differentiation, conflict, and change within police departments. I address these shortcomings here by mobilizing a particular conceptualization of the term “normative order”—as a set of rules and practices oriented around a central value. Six such orders are crucial to policing: law, bureaucratic control, adventure/machismo, safety, competence, and morality. I illustrate the importance of each by drawing upon ethnographic observations of the Los Angeles Police Department, and explain how my conceputalization offers a comprehensive yet flexible means to understand the social world of policing.

Review and Critical Assessment of Research on Marketing and the Environment

Abstract: This paper provides a review and categorization of the environmentally related research published in the major English language marketing journals over the period from 1971 to 1997. It traces the development from the early research which focused predominantly on the characterization of the "green" consumer, conceptualization of environmental consciousness, environmentally related behaviours such as recycling, and attitudes towards environmental problems such as pollution. This was followed by a period in which energy conservation, legislation, and public policy issues were added to the agenda which remained predominantly managerialist in perspective. While the same issues were studied within the 1990s, the research agenda was expanded again to include broader issues such as environmental values and institutions. Most recently, the macro issues of sustainable marketing and its relationship to the dominant social paradigm have been introduced into the literature. The paper concludes by arguing that the exam...

Outline of a Theory of Generations

Abstract: The concept of generation has had little refinement and application in recent sociology. After reviewing the literature, this article modifies Mannheim's original conceptualization through Bourdieu...

Security Communities: A framework for the study of security communities

Abstract: Security communities never generated much of a research program. Foundering on various theoretical, conceptual, and methodological brakers, the concept of security communities remained largely admired from afar. This chapter aspires to fulfill the initial promise of the security ommunities agenda by offering a reconstructed architecture. The presented framework benefits from the best of Deutsch's original conceptualization and corrects for its shortcomings by borrowing from four decades of substantial insights from sociological and international relations theory and various empirical studies that were informed by the concept of security communities. This chapter is organized in the following way. The first section begins by offering a conceptual vocabulary for the study of security community. One of the virtues of the study of security communities is also one of its vices: it raises a host of important but potentially intractable concepts such as community, dependable expectations of peaceful change, governance, institutions, and on and on. Therefore, this section begins to provide a conceptual and definitional map. Thesecond section presents a framework for studying the emergence of security communities that is analytically organized around three “tiers.” The first tier consists of recipitating factors that encourage states to orient themselves in each other's direction and coordinate their policies. The second tier consists of the “structural” elements of power and ideas, and the “process” elements of transactions, international organizations, and social learning. The dynamic, positive, and reciprocal relationship between these variables leads to the third tier: the development of trust and collective identity formation.

'a matter of trust' : effects of communication on the efficiency and distribution of outcomes

Abstract: In two studies of bilateral bargaining with asymmetric information, we show that the communication medium in which the bargaining takes place, affects the efficiency and distribution of outcomes. The results reflect different degrees of truth-telling and trust across the media. We present a conceptualization of how the effects of communication media can be incorporated into behavioral decision research and game theoretic models of bargaining.

Behind and beyond Kolb's learning cycle

Abstract: The author discusses Kolb's learning cycle and the propositions that give rise to it. The author considers the importance of the cycle within mainstream management education and development and then takes a more critical view, looking both behind and beyond the learning cycle at issues that can be developed out of its current conceptualization. The author argues that a more comprehensive picture of experiential learning in management education might be based on developments around emotional and political aspects of Kolb's model. These developments are intended to acknowledge additional, often omitted, aspects of learning from experience within management education and development. The author offers three particular areas for the development of skill and knowledge in the practice of management education.

Towards a general ontology of configuration

Abstract: This article presents a generalized ontology of product configuration as a step towards a general ontology of configuration, which is needed to reuse and share configuration knowledge. The ontology presented consists of a set of concepts for representing the knowledge on a configuration and the restrictions on possible configurations. The ontology is based on a synthesis of the main approaches to configuration. Earlier approaches are extended with new concepts arising from our practical experience on configurable products. The concepts include components, attributes, resources, ports, contexts, functions, constraints, and relations between these. The main contributions of this work are in the detailed conceptualization of knowledge on product structures and in extending the resource concept with contexts for limiting the availability and use of resources. In addition, constraint sets representing different views on the product are introduced. The ontology is compared with the previous work on configuration. It covers all the principal approaches, that is, connection-based, structure-based, resource-based, and function-based approaches to configuration. The dependencies between the concepts arising from different conceptualizations are briefly analyzed. Several ways in which the ontology could be extended are pointed out.

Waste Managers? the New Penology, Crime Fighting, and Parole Agent Identity

Abstract: This ethnographic research, conducted in a parole field office in central California, looks at how Feeley and Simon's (1992) "new penology" paradigm plays out at the level of implementation, given competing pressures on agents to be tough on crime as well as successful danger "risk managers." Findings suggest that agents embrace a traditional law enforcement role for themselves that primarily takes an individualistic approach to the clientele and an intuitive approach to their management, rather than taking on the new penological role of actuarial risk managers defined by upper management. The agents were influenced by the popular discourse on crime in defining their priorities and actively subverted directives management issued to reorder those priorities. As Simon (1993) foreshadowed in his work on parole, the agents in this setting did not appear poised to become mere human waste managers." In their conceptualization of the "new penology," Feeley and Simon (1992) argue that over the past few decades, a systems analysis approach to danger management has come to dominate criminal justice administration, and they suggest that the penal enterprise may well be evolving into a "waste management" system rather than a normalizing or rehabilitative one. In their model, those in the dangerous class of criminals are nearly synonymous with those in the larger social category of the underclass, a segment of the population that has been abandoned to a fate of poverty and despair. Ultimately, Feeley and Simon imply a deep institutional cynicism about the redemptability of this class in their suggestion that contemporary corrections may be inevitably heading toward an operational goal "of herding a specific population that cannot be disaggregated and transformed but only maintained-a kind of waste management function" (p. 470). Simon (1993) fleshes out the waste management analogy in his discussion of the potential futures for corrections. Since any investment in this dangerous class would be deemed futile, the waste management model would entail securing its members at the lowest possible cost. The "toxic waste" containment sites (Simon 1993:260) would be the underclass communities where those under the control of community corrections would be required to live, and in this potential postmodern penal world, front-line crime control workers would merely manage and distribute dangerous bodies, with little affective or relational involvement (Simon 1993). The pursuit of this goal of managing dangerous populations (or "waste managing") is manifested in the language and strategies of the "new penology." Specifically, Feeley and Simon (1992) delineate three distinct elements to the new penology: First, it is manifested in a new discourse that emphasizes risk and probability as applied to a criminal population rather than diagnosis or moralistic judgments of individual wrongdoers. Second, they posit that the new penology is reflected in objectives transformed from an earlier emphasis on punishing or normalizing deviants to a current focus on identifying and managing classes of criminals. Finally, they argue that this shift in objectives has triggered the development of a new set of techniques for carrying out the goals of classifying and controlling aggregate risk, including the use of drug testing to measure risk and statistical/ actuarial methods for setting risk level. At the heart of what distinguishes the "old" from the "new" penology is the relative abandonment of the individual in defining and managing criminal populations. The individual, in old penology, is a volitional actor who can be reformed, treated, or punished; thus, his motivation for criminal behavior is an important element to determining appropriate penal action. While old penological policies may refer to aggregates and categories of criminals, the interventions are distinctly aimed at changing the criminal actors or "individuals."' In contrast, new penological strategies, according to Feeley and Simon (1992), are not concerned with why criminals commit their illegal acts but rather with how to most efficiently manage the level of reoffending risk posed by them. …

Parental reactions to their child's disclosure of a gay/lesbian identity.

Abstract: Parental Reactions to Their Child's Disclosure of a Gay/Lesbian Identity* Ritch C. Savin-Williams** and Eric M. Dube Popular culture writers have proposed a developmental sequence of stages that parents face upon first learning of their child's homosexuality. Empirical investigations of these purported "mourning and loss" stages are few and generally cast doubt on the inevitability and normative sequencing of parental reactions. We present this empirical evidence, suggest a research agenda, and discuss the implications of the research findings for mental health caregivers and practitioners. Key Words: adolescence, homosexuality, parent-child relationships, parent development. Personal narratives, popular advice-giving tracts, and "self- help" books composed by and for parents often present the act of disclosure by youths of their gay/lesbian identity as necessarily creating a crisis within the family. This literature promotes the view that as a result of this disclosure, irrevocable damage is done to the child-parent relationship. MacDonald (1983) noted that healthy family relationships under such circumstances are "uncommon" and that trauma must necessarily beset families with a sexual-minority youth. When youths disclose their sexual orientation a type of parent "coming-out" process is initiated "whereby parents are given the opportunity to restructure expectations and goals for the future life course of their children" (Boxer, Cook, & Herdt, 1991, p. 86; see also Coleman & Remafedi, 1989). Once confronted with the reality of their child's sexual orientation, parents have been described by mental health professionals as reacting with symptoms of grief and mourning, progressing through a series of stages similar to those described by Kubler-Ross (1969) after the shock of discovering one's own impending death: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. Although this view is a very popular conceptualization of parental reactions, used by parent support groups to help parents understand their feelings, little empirical research has been conducted that directly bears on these mourning stages. In previous publications, developmental issues confronting sexual-minority youths in terms of deciding whether, when, how, and why to disclose to parents (Savin-Williams, in press a; Savin-Williams & Diamond, in press) and the parent-youth relationship (Savin-Williams, in press b) are reviewed. In this article the focus is redirected from youths and placed onto parents. First, attention is given to the purported developmental stages that characterize parental reactions to the disclosure news. Second, empirical research that addresses these stages is then reviewed. We conclude with a discussion on future research needs regarding the youth-parent relationship, both before and after disclosure, and implications for those who care for the mental health of heterosexual parents with gay children.1 A Developmental Model of Parental Reactions Although parents often react in a less than ideal fashion after learning of their child's same-sex attractions, limited research indicates that most eventually arrive at tolerance or acceptance of their son's or daughter's sexual orientation. This process is not an easy one and a period of uncertainty, disruption, and, in more tempestuous cases, chaos is often created within the family. Various writers have proposed paradigms by which parents evolve through a series of stages from initial shock to eventual acceptance of their child; many of these share considerable overlap in structure and content (Anderson, 1987; Bernstein, 1990; Borhek, 1993; Bozett & Sussman, 1989; Brown, 1988; DeVine, 1984; Martin, 1982; Myers, 1982; Pearlman, 1992; Robinson, Walters, & Steen, 1989; Strommen, 1989; Tremble, Schneider, & Appathurai, 1989; Wirth, 1978). These proposed models follow the delineation of stages originally proposed by Kubler-Ross (1969) that characterize individuals facing imminent death. …

Adapting to and Managing Diabetes

Abstract: Purpose: To advance understanding of the lived experience of diabetes as described in published research and theses. Meta-analysis extends the analysis of individual research studies beyond individual experience to incorporate dominant system beliefs and health system ideologies. Organizing Framework: Curtin and Lubkin's (1990) conceptualization of the experience of chronic illness. Sources: Forty-three qualitative interpretive research reports in six computerized data bases 1980–1996 pertaining to the lived experience of diabetes and published in nursing, in the social sciences, and in allied health journals were used. Methods: Meta-ethnography in which trustworthiness was achieved by using multiple researchers, identifying negative or disconfirming cases, and testing rival hypotheses Findings: Balance is the determinant metaphor of the experience of diabetes. People learn to balance diabetes through their experience and experimentation with strategies for managing their illness. Conclusions: Learning to balance is a developmental process in which one learns to assume control of diabetes management. Support for such development requires that nurses know their clients as individuals and value the expertise they have gained in living with diabetes. Control of blood sugar levels within a prescribed range may be a goal established by professionals, but the goal of healthy balance determines a person's willingness to assume an active role in self-care.

Distinguishing Trust and Power in Interorganizational Relations: Forms and Façades of Trust

Abstract: In this paper, we examine two definitions of trust commonly found in the management literature; one that defines trust as predictability, and one that emphasizes the role of goodwill. We suggest that neither approach is satisfactory since both ignore issues of asymmetrical power and conflicting interests, and provide little insight into how trust can be created. We propose a third definition, one that combines expectations and goodwill, and conceptualizes trust as a process of sense-making that rests on shared meaning and the involvement of all participants in a communication process. From this conceptualization, we are able to distinguish between trust-based and power-based interorganizational relationships and to develop a model that identifies both forms and facades of trust. We provide examples to illustrate the implications of this approach for research and practice.

The definition of community integration: perspectives of people with brain injuries

Abstract: Despite considerable attention to community integration and related topics in the past decades, a clear definition of community integration continues to elude researchers and service providers. Common to most discussions of the topic, however, are three ideas: that integration involves relationships with others, independence in one's living situation and activities to fill one's time. The present study sought to expand this conceptualization of community integration by asking people with brain injuries for their own perspectives on community integration. This qualitative study resulted in a definition of community integration consisting of nine indicators: orientation, acceptance, conformity, close and diffuse relationships, living situation, independence, productivity and leisure. These indicators were empirically derived from the text of 116 interviews with people with moderate-severe brain injuries living in the community. Eighteen adults living in supported living programmes were followed for 1 year, to track their evolving definition of integration and the factors they felt were related to integration. The study also showed a general trend toward more positive evaluation over the year, and revealed that positive evaluation was frequently related to meeting new people and freedom from staff supervision. These findings are interpreted in the light of recommendations for community programmes.

The readiness is all: The functionality of memory‐based text processing

Abstract: The functionality of memory‐based text processing can be described as making ready a range of information of potential relevance to readers’ ongoing understanding of texts. In past research, we have demonstrated that a reunion between two characters renews the accessibility of information mutually known to them, making the information ready for incorporation into ongoing comprehension. In two new experiments, we demonstrate how quickly this accessibility fades away again when the text engages other topics. In the general discussion, we describe a series of phenomena that cohere with our conceptualization of the readiness function of memory‐based processing.