Showing papers on "Constant current published in 2022"
TL;DR: Considering feature extraction, time-consuming, model/calculation complexity problems, a battery SOH estimation method based on constant current charging time (CCCT) is proposed in this article , which is proved that CCCT can perfectly replace incremental capacity peak area.
22 citations
TL;DR: A constant current string-to-cell battery equalizer with an open-loop current control based on LCC multiresonant topology with a high efficiency, low components count, and obviously reduced control complexity is proposed.
Abstract: Constant current equalization can effectively mitigate the inconsistency of battery strings in a fast manner. In this manuscript, a constant current string-to-cell battery equalizer with an open-loop current control is proposed. The equalization scheme is based on LCC multiresonant topology. It utilizes a common equalizer unit shared by each unbalanced cell to transfer energy from the entire string to a single cell. A constant balancing current is achieved with simple fixed-frequency open-loop control. The equalization speed is determined by the predesigned balancing current. Design considerations of the proposed equalizer are analyzed in detail, which ensure zero-voltage switching among all MOSFET s during the equalization process. An experimental platform to balance four lithium-ion battery cells is designed to verify the system performance. Experimental results validate the functionality and analysis of this equalizer. Compared with the conventional architecture, the proposed architecture exhibits a high efficiency, low components count, and obviously reduced control complexity.
22 citations
TL;DR: Zhang et al. as discussed by the authors compared three typical neural networks and variants on the accuracy and robustness of state of health (SOH) estimation in the battery management system for ensuring safe and reliable operation of lithium-ion batteries.
Abstract: Accurate estimation of state of health (SOH) in the battery management system furnishes powerful support for ensuring safe and reliable operation of lithium-ion batteries. Data-based neural networks have progressively developed into the most representative solution of SOH estimation. This paper systematically compares three typical neural networks and variants on the accuracy and robustness. Moreover, empirical mode decomposition is firstly adopted to withdraw efficacious health indicators from measurement data acquired during constant current and constant voltage charging. Secondly, Pearson correlation coefficient is applied to elect features with strong characterization from constant-current phase duration, constant-voltage phase duration, constant-current phase time proportion, constant-voltage phase time proportion, and total charge time. Finally, several neural network models such as simple recurrent neural networks, long and short-term memory neural networks (LSTM), gated recurrent units and opposite bidirectional structure are built and compared. Considering the universality and fairness of the results, the novel hyperband optimization seeks optimal configuration for deep learning models through dynamic resource allocation based on the early-stopping strategy and Successive Halving algorithm. Experimental results indicate that LSTM and bidirectional LSTM have higher charge–discharge conditions insensitivity and precision in battery SOH.
19 citations
19 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a comprehensive review has been performed on the history of the evolution, working principles and phenomena, design considerations, control methods and health issues of IPT systems, especially those based on EV charging.
Abstract: Nowadays, Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology is receiving more attention in the automotive sector, introducing a safe, flexible and promising alternative to the standard battery chargers. Considering these advantages, charging electric vehicle (EV) batteries using the WPT method can be an important alternative to plug-in charging systems. This paper focuses on the Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) method, which is based on the magnetic coupling of coils exchanging power from a stationary primary unit to a secondary system onboard the EV. A comprehensive review has been performed on the history of the evolution, working principles and phenomena, design considerations, control methods and health issues of IPT systems, especially those based on EV charging. In particular, the coil design, operating frequency selection, efficiency values and the preferred compensation topologies in the literature have been discussed. The published guidelines and reports that have studied the effects of WPT systems on human health are also given. In addition, suggested methods in the literature for protection from exposure are discussed. The control section gives the common charging control techniques and focuses on the constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) approach, which is usually used for EV battery chargers.
16 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a domino-resonator wireless power transfer system is designed to harvest energy from the magnetic field around a 110-kV high voltage transmission line and supply power to the online monitoring device continuously over 1.1 meters insulation distance.
Abstract: The domino-resonator wireless power transfer system is designed in this work to harvest energy from the magnetic field around a 110-kV high voltage transmission line and supply power to the online monitoring device continuously over 1.1 meters insulation distance. Each domino resonator is evenly spaced and is embedded inside sealed insulation discs. The theoretical analysis shows that the constant voltage (CV) mode and the constant current (CC) mode can be realized by adjusting the receiver's switch state, which can meet the battery's CV and CC charging requirements. Such a method cancels the communication between the transmitter and the receiver. The finite-element simulation results show that the influence on the electric and magnetic field intensity distribution near the insulator can be negligible. Finally, a 30 W prototype with an output voltage of 7 V is built. The experimental results show that the fluctuation of output voltage (CV mode) and output current (CC mode) is less than 6% and 7%, respectively. The maximum efficiency is higher than 40% when the transmission distance is 1.1 m, and the number of coils is 12.
13 citations
TL;DR: This article analyses the PV voltage regulation in the single-stage single-phase PV inverter and confirms the issues predicted by the theoretical analysis, and proves two main advantages of the proposed feedback linearization based controller.
Abstract: While substantial research covers current control and synchronization of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) inverters, issues concerning control of the PV input voltage deserve more attention, as they equally affect the reliable and stable operation of the system. Hence, this article analyses the PV voltage regulation in the single-stage single-phase PV inverter. In contrast to previous work, the PV source influence on the input voltage dynamic is analytically formalized, exposing a potential instability when the PV source is operating in its constant current region. A traditional proportional-integral PV voltage controller fails to ensure a consistent and stable voltage regulation. On the other hand, this issue is resolved by the proposed feedback linearization based controller. The new controller is validated on a test setup comprising of a PV source emulating a 1.2 kW PV array, interfaced to a single-phase inverter connected to a grid emulator. Confirming the issues predicted by the theoretical analysis, the experiments prove two main advantages of the proposed controller. First, PV voltage regulation instability is eliminated when the PV array operates in its constant current region. Second, the PV voltage transient behavior is now independent of the operating point of the PV source.
13 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a simple and reconfigurable topology for CC and CV outputs in an EV wireless charging system is proposed, where only one relay is introduced, unlike existing solutions where many passive components and relays are utilized for reconfiguration.
Abstract: A typical charging profile for the Li-ion batteries in electric vehicles (EVs) includes a constant current (CC) charging stage and a constant voltage (CV) charging. This letter proposes a simple and reconfigurable topology for CC and CV outputs in an EV wireless charging system. The proposed system can be switched to series–series topology for CC output and inductor–capacitor–capacitor-series topology for CV output. Only one relay is introduced, unlike existing solutions where many passive components and relays are utilized for reconfiguration. Also, there is no need for frequency variation to achieve the shift of CC and CV. An experimental prototype is implemented to validate the proposal.
10 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a robust wireless power transfer (WPT) system considering a wide variation in load resistance and coupling coefficient is proposed for electric vehicles charging, in which a power-adjustable negative resistor is constructed only by a single-stage inverter.
Abstract: In this article, a robust wireless power transfer (WPT) system considering a wide variation in load resistance and coupling coefficient is proposed for electric vehicles charging. Here, a new implementation of the parity-time (PT)-symmetric circuit using a phase synchronization method is presented, in which a power-adjustable negative resistor is constructed only by a single-stage inverter. Moreover, based on the PT-symmetric circuit, a control strategy that does not require dual-side communication and extra dc–dc converters is developed for battery charging. Theoretical analysis shows that constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) outputs independent of load and position can be achieved, and the charging mode can be switched automatically. A scaled-down prototype with an 8-A charging current and a 120-V charging voltage is built to verify the feasibility of the proposed method. Experimental results demonstrate that within the transfer distance of 10–25 cm, the CC/CV outputs can be maintained during the charging process.
10 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors investigated the effect of driving mode on the lithium extraction process and proposed a collaborative driving mode of constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) with the combination merits including both high energy efficiency of CC and excellent lithium extraction capacity of SD-CV.
9 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , alternating current electrolysis (ACE) is used to take place on the same electrode surface in a well-controlled manner via the fine-tuning of current frequency along with other reaction parameters.
Abstract: Alternating current electrolysis (ACE) is an emerging powerful synthetic tool, which principally resembles photoredox catalysis strategies. Its periodically alternating polarity feature allows oxidation and reduction processes to take place on the same electrode surface in a well-controlled manner via the fine-tuning of current frequency along with other reaction parameters. Therefore, many challenging transformations in typical direct electrolysis, including constant current electrolysis or constant potential electrolysis, could be achieved via ACE. The recent advances in the organic synthesis using this emerging technology and its advantages over direct electrolysis are highlighted.
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper proposed a data-driven and model fusion method for SOH estimation based on constant voltage charging process (CVCP), where an improved equivalent circuit model (IECM) is established based on the current-time data of the CVCP.
TL;DR: In this article , a series compensated wireless electrical vehicle (EV) chargers are presented, where the soft switching operations of the switches on the primary and the secondary side are achieved in a wide load range.
Abstract: In this article, load-independent constant current/voltage control operations of an LCC -Series compensated wireless electrical vehicle (EV) chargers are presented. The parameters of the LCC -Series compensation topology are designed based on load-independent zero phase angle and soft switching operation in the constant current charging operation. Then, the load independent soft switching conditions are achieved for constant voltage charging operation with a semibridgeless active rectifier using pulse density modulation control. Thus, high efficiency power transfer to the load is performed during the entire charging period. The wireless communication is not needed to achieve the output voltage regulation in the proposed EV charging system. The soft switching operations of the switches on the primary and the secondary side are achieved in a wide load range. The performance of the proposed charging system is validated by a prototype. At the full load condition, the output voltage of the system is regulated at 210 V while the output current is 5 A. The maximum efficiency is measured 93.8% at 1 kW output power with 150 mm air gap. The efficiency performance of the system is also evaluated based on the misalignment conditions.
TL;DR: In this article, a state trajectory model is proposed for the CLLC converter and a novel dead-band-based control method for the constant current control is proposed, which can directly and effectively control the charging and discharging process of the output capacitor, which the conventional PI control method cannot do.
Abstract: The capacitor–inductor–inductor–capacitor ( CLLC ) converter is a promising topology for bidirectional power conversion applications, such as hydrogen or battery energy storage systems and bidirectional pulsing current charging or heating for electric vehicle (EV) batteries. For these applications, high dynamic constant current control is required. In this article, a novel constant current control method with improved dynamic performance over the conventional proportional–integral (PI) method is proposed for the CLLC converter. In constant current control, the charging and discharging process of the output capacitor determines the dynamic performance. A state trajectory model is proposed for the CLLC converter and is employed to analyze the transient process in the resonant tank. Based on the analysis, a novel dead-band-based control method for the constant current control is proposed. The proposed method can directly and effectively control the charging and the discharging process of the output capacitor, which the conventional PI control method cannot do. As a result, the dynamic performance is improved. The correctness of the proposed state trajectory model, the state trajectory analysis, and the effectiveness of the proposed constant current control method are verified by experiments. Experimental results show that the response time of the proposed method is reduced by more than 50% compared with that of the conventional PI method, with no overshoot.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors studied the relationship of the time constant and polarization resistance with the Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) during relaxation and showed that when the OCV is 30%-100%, the performance is the most stable, and the SOC estimation accuracy is the highest.
Abstract:
The battery management system (BMS) plays an important role in battery applications. In BMS, the accurate estimation of the state of charge (SOC) of lithium-ion batteries is most important. Open circuit voltage (OCV) is also very important for the accurate estimation of SOC. In order to obtain accurate SOC, the relationship between OCV and SOC requires real-time and accuracy. Due to the difference in lithium-ion concentration and battery internal resistance in the lithium-ion battery, OCV has characteristics of relaxation. It is necessary to study the relaxation behavior of the battery OCV. In this paper, the OCV behavior is studied and focuses on the relationship of the time constant and polarization resistance with SOC during relaxation. The results show that, when the SOC is 30%-100%, the time constant and polarization resistance of lithium-ion batteries are the smallest, the performance is the most stable, and the SOC estimation accuracy is the highest. When the battery is overcharged or SOC is low, the performance of the battery is obviously unstable. Finally, it is proposed that the SOC range of the battery can be roughly estimated by calculating the time constant, and the current aging degree of the battery can be judged.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the synergic effect of the electron storage capacity and the electrocatalytic capability of fluorine-doped graphene oxide for pollution degradation, and deepened the understanding of the fluorine doping for the electrochemical catalytic oxidation of APAP.
01 Jun 2022
TL;DR: In this article , a dynamic-decoupled parameter identification method is proposed to extract the parameters of the simplified second-order resistor-indicator (RL) of the network-based equivalent circuit model (ECM) developed by the authors.
Abstract: State-of-health (SoH) is one of the critical battery states that must be estimated and closely monitored by the on- board battery management system in electric vehicles (EVs). In this study, the battery SoH, especially the capacity fade, is calculated based on the decoupled characteristic of the charging current under the constant-voltage (CV) scenario. First, a dynamic-decoupled parameter identification method is proposed to extract the parameters of the simplified second-order resistor–inductor ( RL ) network-based equivalent circuit model (ECM), developed by the authors. Second, the dynamic characteristics of the decoupled CV charging currents at different aging states are qualitatively investigated, and the corresponding time constant is selected as a feature-of-interest (FoI) to reflect the battery capacity degradation. Third, the aging data based on two types of lithium-ion batteries are employed to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. Verification results demonstrate that the proposed parameter identification method yields a reduced computational cost with a satisfactory fitting performance, compared to the conventional methods. The proposed parameterization method and the selected FoI guarantee the root-mean-square errors of the estimated SoH less than 2%, and the comparative results further validate the superiority of the selected FoI in terms of the SoH estimation accuracy.
TL;DR: In this paper , the consistent screening and grouping techniques of LIC pack, equivalent circuit model, maximum working power matching method, fast-charge and working condition measurement for AGV have been studied.
Abstract: Automated guided vehicle (AGV) plays an important role in the context of industry 4.0. The power supply is the key to ensure reliable and efficient AGV. Lithium-ion capacitor (LIC) is an innovative hybrid energy storage device, possessing the advantages of high energy density, high power density, long cycle life and wide working temperature range. LIC can be used with Opportunity (OP) charging for a vehicle during the operation phase, using predefined fast charging stations and avoiding full and long-time charges. In this work, the consistent screening and grouping techniques of LIC pack, equivalent circuit model, maximum working power matching method, fast-charge and working condition measurement for AGV have been studied. By the fast-charge test of constant current and constant voltage for LIC pack at various constant current (60−360 A), the experimental results show that LIC pack can complete 100% department of defense charging within 2 min when the constant current is higher than 300 A. According to the constant power (200−1200 W) and working condition measurement for LIC pack, this work provides technical support for the maintenance-free and uninterrupted operation of AGVs.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors used the synergic effect of the electron storage capacity and the electrocatalytic capability of fluorine-doped graphene oxide for pollution degradation, and deepened the understanding of the fluorine doping for the electrochemical catalytic oxidation of APAP.
TL;DR: In this article , the battery capacity is estimated based on the battery surface temperature change under constant-current charge scenario, which is equivalent to the area under the DTV curve, over a specific voltage range.
TL;DR: In this paper , a linear regression model is used to estimate the SOH of lithium-ion batteries using constant-current charging time as the only health indicator, and the experimental results show that the average error of 8 batteries is within 1.2%, and the average training and testing time is within 0.03 s.
Abstract: Accurate estimation of lithium-ion battery state of health (SOH) is imperative to maintain the safe operation of electric vehicles. Multiple health indicators (HIs) from constant-current-constant-voltage (CC-CV) charging cycle and nonlinear models are used to estimate the SOH of lithium-ion batteries in the recent data-driven methods. Due to not considering the physical relationship between HIs and SOH, redundancy of HIs and models are often existed. In order to reflect the physical characteristics of the battery and remove the redundancy of the model, a strong linear relationship between constant-current charging time and SOH is testified by analyzing the aging mechanism of lithium-ion batteries and a linear regression model is used to estimate the SOH of lithium-ion batteries using constant-current charging time as the only health indicator. The experimental results show that the average error of 8 batteries is within 1.2%, and the average training and testing time is within 0.03 s. This work aims to focus on the mechanistic analysis of the battery to select HIs appropriately and to improve the SOH estimation efficiently.
TL;DR: In this article , the effect of various pulsed current charging modes, i.e., positive pulsed-current-constant current (PCC) mode, negative pulsed currents (PC), alternating sinusoidal-ripple current (ASR), and pulsed constant current (PC) mode on battery performance is investigated.
Abstract: The pulsed current has been proposed as a promising battery charging technique to improve the charging performance and maximize the lifetime for lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. However, the effect of the pulsed current charging is inconclusive due to the changeable current mode and conditions. This article systematically investigates the effect of various pulsed current charging modes, i.e., positive pulsed current mode, pulsed current-constant current mode, negative pulsed current mode, alternating pulsed current mode, sinusoidal-ripple current mode, and alternating sinusoidal-ripple current mode on battery performance. Moreover, a comprehensive analysis of the frequency impact on the quality of the current mode is performed. The current modes in this work are evaluated considering the maximum rising temperature, discharging capacity, and charging speed according to experimental results. Furthermore, this work provides guidance for developing pulsed current charging strategies to satisfy future charging requirements.
TL;DR: In this paper , a new resonator design scheme for wireless battery charging systems of electric bicycles (EBs) was established based on a switched series (S)-series parallel (SP)/S compensation scheme and Helmholtz coils for the transmitting coils.
Abstract: This article presents a new resonator design scheme for wireless battery charging systems of electric bicycles (EBs). The newly designed method is established based on a switched series (S)-series parallel (SP)/S compensation scheme and Helmholtz coils for the transmitting coils. The Helmholtz coils are adopted to ensure that the mutual inductance between the transmitting and receiving coils is invariant. For this reason, the switched S-SP/S compensation scheme can be used to implement load-independent constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) charging for the battery loads instead of using the conventional LCL or LCC compensation schemes. The advancements of the proposed design, as compared to the conventional methods for wireless EB charging, are more than constant mutual coupling and elimination of compensated inductors. The communication channel between the transmitter and receiver, additional user-end converter, and complicated control algorithms can also be annihilated. Simulation results using Maxwell verify that the mutual inductance of the proposed resonator is constant. Experimental results validate that the output current and voltage can be well-regulated to track the references at 1.2 A and 24 V, respectively, at different load conditions. Especially, the maximum efficiency can reach 97.17% in the CC charging mode, whereas 91.17% in the CV charging stage. The maximum output power is 115 W on the load side. This design can be generalizable to other power levels to meet different charging demands.
TL;DR: In this paper , a hybrid inductive power transfer (IPT) system with high misalignment tolerance with inherent CC-CV output is proposed for electric vehicles charging applications, where two coils connected reversely in series are applied on the transmitter side while two coils, respectively, compensated by a capacitor and an inductor-capacitor-capace capacitance are applied at the receiver side.
Abstract: Inductive power transfer (IPT) systems are appropriate for electric vehicles (EVs) charging applications because of the advantages of safety and convenience. However, due to the considerable influence of pad misalignment, improving misalignment tolerance is important for IPT systems. Besides, constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) output characteristics are usually required for EVs battery charging. Therefore, to fulfill both features, a hybrid IPT system implementing high misalignment tolerance with inherent CC–CV output is proposed for EVs charging applications in this article. Two coils connected reversely in series are applied on the transmitter side while two coils, respectively, compensated by a capacitor and an inductor–capacitor–capacitor are applied on the receiver side. Hence, without an extra dc–dc converter or complicated control strategy and corresponding circuits, CC–CV output can be naturally achieved with high misalignment tolerance, which obviously increases the system reliability. Besides, zero-voltage switching and zero-phase angle condition can be easily achieved. A 1-kW experimental prototype is built. The experimental results show that the fluctuations of the constant charging current and the constant charging voltage are less than 5% when the proposed system operates within the predetermined misalignment range.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors proposed a family of hybrid inductive power transfer (IPT) topologies that can realize CC and CV output and are not limited by the parameters of coils.
Abstract: ABSTRACT For meeting the actual demand of constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) in lithium-ion battery-charging process and improve the flexibility and safety of charging, this paper proposes a family of hybrid inductive power transfer (IPT) topologies that can realise CC and CV output and are not limited by the parameters of coils. Starting from a single existing topology with configurable CC or CV output, which can achieve zero-voltage switching (ZVS), load-independent and approximately zero reactive power, and the missing configurable CC or CV output is obtained by circuit transformation through cascaded T-type network. Then, the cascaded T-type network is switched by mode switches, so as to derive a family of hybrid IPT topologies suitable for lithium-ion battery wireless charging. In order to reduce the number of devices in the compensation network, the T-type network can be integrated with the existing compensation networks. Hence, this paper also proposes some hybrid IPT battery chargers and their design ideas. The control logic of mode switches and the sensitivity of compensation parameters are also discussed. Ultimately, a hybrid IPT battery charger based on S-S and S-LCC compensation networks is developed to test the correctness of the proposed scheme.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors proposed constant-voltage charging as a promising fast-charging protocol and revealed the origin of capacity degradation in constant voltage charging, and proposed a new fast charging protocol.
Abstract: This study proposes constant-voltage charging as a promising fast-charging protocol and reveals the origin of capacity degradation in constant-voltage charging.
TL;DR: In this article , a misalignment-tolerant fractional-order wireless power transfer (FOWPT) system with CC or CV output was proposed to improve the freedom and convenience of charging, and provided a new wireless charging solution for AGVs.
Abstract: Wireless charging of automated guided vehicles (AGVs) has been widely used because of its high security and convenience. However, due to the inevitable misalignment between the coupling coils, the charging system cannot maintain the constant current (CC) or constant voltage (CV) output. Therefore, this article proposes a misalignment-tolerant fractional-order wireless power transfer (FOWPT) system with CC or CV output. According to the principle of the fractional-order autonomous circuit, the natural resonant frequency and operating frequency can be adjusted adaptively with the change of transfer distance and load. Benefiting from the frequency characteristics and the new implementation method of the FOWPT, the system maintains CC and CV output, and the horizontal and vertical misalignment tolerances are within 44.4% and 22.2%, respectively. Therefore, the proposed system improves the freedom and convenience of charging, and provides a new wireless charging solution for AGVs. Future article will focus on more concise modeling and implementation methods of fractional-order systems, and improving the performance of the FOWPT.
21 Jan 2022
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors deal with the simulation of passive cell balancing technique using MATLAB and analysis results, which is widely used in large-scale energy storage and electric vehicle.
Abstract: Electric vehicle demand increase day by day. The lithium-ion battery is widely used in large-scale energy storage and electric vehicle. The first part of this paper represents the charging and discharging of capacitors. The second part of this paper represents the cell balancing process and the third part of this paper represents the constant current and constant voltage charging method for lithium-ion battery MATLAB simulation. This paper deal with the simulation of passive cell balancing technique using MATLAB and analysis results.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors compared EIS with the conventional galvanostatic (constant current) technique, which is based on direct currents, being the standard operation mode of batteries.
Abstract: Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) using alternating currents is a widely established technique to investigate kinetic aspects of batteries and their components, though it requires an interruption of battery operation with extra measurement time and effort. In this work, EIS is compared with the conventional galvanostatic (constant current) technique, which is based on direct currents, being the standard operation mode of batteries. Data from constant current measurements not only are representing application conditions but also are automatically and continuously generated during routine charge/discharge processes, i.e., without extra measurement efforts, and do give kinetic insights via the characteristic overvoltage (= resistance-reasoned voltage rise/decrease), as well. In fact, distinguishing between even very similar values for ohmic (RΩ), charge transfer (Rct), and mass transport (Rmt) resistances can be done via analysis of overvoltage data from constant current measurements, as exemplarily demonstrated in symmetric Li||Li and LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC622)||Li cells with poly(ethylene oxide)-based solid polymer electrolyte, finally proving their validity. From a practical point of view, direct-current methods can be beneficial for R&D of kinetic aspects in batteries, as data is directly obtained and, thus, application-oriented.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors proposed a method to detect the lithium plating (LP) in a battery cell by examining a distinct plateau in the charging current during the constant-current-constant-voltage (CCCV) phase of the CCCV procedure, which can be correlated to the LP process.
Abstract: In this paper, a lithium plating (LP) detection method for lithium-ion batteries is presented that can be applied during a constant-current-constant-voltage (CCCV) charging process and along with the voltage relaxation profile (VRP) technique constitute an effective and easy-to-use non-destructive tool. The suggested method detects the LP in a lithium-ion battery cell by examining a distinct plateau in the charging current during the constant-voltage (CV) phase of the CCCV procedure, which can be correlated to the LP process. Specifically, the proposed method monitors the battery cell charging current during the CV phase and by applying differential current analysis (DCA), it can detect the LP by seeking a local maximum that is observed in the curves of the charging current versus the time and the state-of-charge (SoC). The effectiveness of the method has been experimentally validated under several charging conditions with two established in-situ LP detection methods, the differential charging voltage (DCV) and the dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (DEIS). Furthermore, the correlation of the current plateau with the LP has been experimentally analyzed to enhance the knowledge on the reversible LP process during charging that can be utilized to further improve the sensitivity of LP detection methods.