Showing papers on "Context (language use) published in 1979"

Complex spinors and unified theories

Abstract: In this paper delivered by Murray Gell-Mann at the Stony Brook Supergravity Workshop in 1979, several paths to unification are discussed, from N=8 supergravity to $SU_5$, $SO_{10}$, and $E_6$. Generalizations of $SO_{10}$ to spinor representations of larger groups are introduced. A natural mechanism for generating tiny neutrino masses is proposed in the context of $SO_{10}$, and finally, focus on $SU_3$ rather than $SU_2$ or $SO_3$ family symmetries is noted.

A Bio‐Informational Theory of Emotional Imagery

Abstract: A theory of emotional imagery is described which conceives the image in the brain to be a conceptual network, controlling specific somatovisceral patterns, and constituting a prototype for overt behavioral expression. Evidence for the hypothesis that differentiated efferent activity is associated with type and content of imaginal activity is considered. Recent work in cognitive psychology is described, which treats both the generation of sensory imagery and text comprehension and storage as examples of the processing of propositional information. A similar propositional analysis is applied to emotional imagery as it is employed in the therapeutic context. Experiments prompted by this view show that the conceptual structure of the image and its associated efferent outflow can be modified directly through instructions and through shaping of reports of image experience. The implications of the theory for psychopathology are considered, as well as its relevance to therapeutic behavior change.

Levels of processing in human memory.

Abstract: Preface. Part 1: Theoretical and Empirical Developments 1. Larry L. Jacoby and Fergus I. M. Craik Effects of Elaboration of Processing at Encoding and Retrieval: Trace Distinctiveness and Recovery of Initial Context 2. William F. Battig The Flexibility of Human Memory 3. Douglas L. Nelson Remembering Pictures and Words: Appearance, Significance, and Name 4. Robert S. Lockhart Remembering Events: Discussion of Papers by Jacoby and Craik, Battig, and Nelson Part 2: Extensions and Applications 5. Michael W. Eysenck Depth, Elaboration, and Distinctiveness 6. Laird S. Cermak Amnesic Patients' Level of Processing 7. Harry P. Bahrick Broader Methods and Narrower Theories for Memory Research: Comments on the Papers by Eysenck and Cermak Part 3: Language Processes 8. Charles A. Perfetti Levels of Langauge and Levels of Process 9. Janet L. Lachman and Roy Lachman Comprehension and Cognition: A State of the Art Inquiry 10 . Walter Kintsch Levels of Processing Language Material: Discussion of the Papers by Lachman and Lachman and Perfetti Part 4: Developmental Issues 11. Ann L. Brown Theories of Memory and the Problems of Development: Activity, Growth, and Knowledge 12. Mary J. Naus and Frank G. Halasz Developmental Perspectives on Cognitive Processing and Semantic Memory Structure 13. John William Hagen Development and Models of Memory: Comments of the Papers by Brown and Naus and Halasz Part 5: Perceiving, Acting and Knowing 14. Anne Treisman The Psychological Reality of Levels of Processing 15. J.D. Bransford, J.J. Franks, C.D. Morris, and B.S. Stein Some General Constraints on Learning and Memory Research 16. Alan Baddeley Levels of Processing and Levels of Explanation: Discussion of the Papers by Treisman and Bransford, Franks, Morris and Stein Part 6: Theoretical Alternatives 17. Paul A. Kolers A Pattern-Analyzing Basis of Recognition 18. John R. Anderson and Lynne M. Reder An Elaborative Processing Explanation of Depth Processing 19. Endel Tulving Relation Between Encoding Specificity and Levels of Processing 20. James J. Jenkins Four Points to Remember: A Tetrahedral Model of Memory Experiments 21. Fergus I.M. Craik Levels of Processing: Overview and Closing Comments. Author Index. Subject Index.

Remembering In and Out of Context

Abstract: Three experiments examined the incidental associations between list-learning material and the environmental context of that list's presentation. The environmental reinstatement effect is that subjects remember more when tested in their original learning environment relative to those tested in a new environmental context. Experiment 1 demonstrated that this effect is due to a memory process, rather than a general performance decrement caused by the unfamiliarity of the new test room. The reinstatement effect was eliminated in Experiment 2 when subjects tested in a new room were instructed to recall the original learning environment just prior to free recall of list words. This release from contextual dependence was diminished in Experiment 3 when the original learning room was made more difficult to remember. The results show that context effects can be brought under cognitive control; subjects can supply their own contextual retrieval cues when the context can be easily recalled. Contextual dependence of memory refers to phenomena which show that memory is best when the situational or contextual conditions present at learning are reinstated at the time of the test. Such phenomena have

The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male

Abstract: Fifteen years ago, when it was first published, "The Transsexual Empire" challenged the medical psychiatric definition of transsexualism as a disease and sex conversion hormones and surgery as the cure. It exposed the antifeminist stereotyping that requires candidates for transsexual surgery to prove themselves by conforming to subjective, outdated and questionable feminine roles and "passing" as women. Then as now, defining and treating transsexualism as a medical problem prevents the person experiencing so-called gender dissatisfaction from seeing it in a gender-challenging or feminist framework. Transsexualism goes to the question of what gender is, how to challenge it, and what reinforces gender stereotyping in a role-defined society. In the new introduction to this feminist work, Raymond discusses how these same issues are now debated in the context of transgender. Transgenderism reduces gender resistance to wardrobes, hormones, surgery and posturing - anything but real sexual equality. It assimilates the roles and definitions of masculinity and femininity, often mixing and matching, but never really moving beyond both. In a similar way, transsexualism is thought to be a radical challenge to gender roles, breaking the boundaries of gender and transgressing its rigid lines. But if the transsexual merely exchanges one gender role for another, and if the outcome of such a sex reassignment is to endorse a femininity which, in many transsexuals, becomes a caricature of much that feminists have rejected about many-made femininity, then where is the challenge, the transgression, and the breaking of any real boundaries? This book will be used as a text in women's studies, psychology, sociology, technology and public policy, as well as by medical students, law students, and all who have an interest in feminist issues.

Social work processes

Abstract: Part I The context for deciding what to do: 1 Key Themes for Social Work Practice Chapter Preview Social Work, Social Welfare, and Social Sciences Ecological Perspective Problem Solving Worker and Client as Partners Readiness for Practice Chapter Summary A Look Forward Reading Learning Exercises References 2 Use of Knowledge and the Ecological Perspective Chapter Preview Systems Theory Ecosystems Borrowed Knowledge Knowledge Developed by Social Work Chapter Summary A Look Forward Reading Learning Exercises References 3 Problem Solving: A Process for Social Work Practice Chapter preview Problem Solving as a Life Process Problem Solving in Social Work Defining Client Chapter Summary A Look Forward Reading Learning Exercises References 4 Client-Worker Partnership Chapter Preview Nature of Worker-Client Partnership Partnership as Respect for individual Dignity and Uniqueness Partnership and Self Determination Worker Self-determination? Chapter Summary A Look Forward Reading Learning Exercises References 5 Sources of Authority for Social Work Practice Chapter Preview Authority from the Client Authority from the Profession Authority from the Agency Managing Conflicts Among the Sources of Authority Chapter Summary A Look Forward Reading Learning Exercises References 6 Ethical Practice Chapter Preview Values and Ethics Primary Ethical Duty is to Clients Duty of Competent Practice Advocacy for Social Justice as an Ethical Duty Maintaining a Professional Relationship and Dual Relations Rethinking Confidentiality Ethical Dilemmas Chapter Summary A Look Forward Reading Learning Exercises References 7 Relationship in Social Work Practice Chapter Preview Development of Relationship Elements of Relationship The Helping Person Chapter Summary A Look Forward Reading Learning Exercises References Part II Tools for deciding what to do: 8 Engaging Potential Clients Chapter Preview Communication and Social Work Getting Started The Tasks of Engagement Chapter Summary A Look Forward Reading Learning Exercises References 9 Communicating Across Cultures Different Communicating Styles Cultural Competence Pitfalls to Avoid Reading Learning Exercises References 10 Data Collection and Assessment Chapter Preview What is Assessment? What Data is Needed? Data Collection Interviewing and Social Work Processing Data and Decision Making Assessment as a Continuous Process Chapter Summary A Look Forward Reading Learning Exercises References 11 The Service Agreement Chapter Preview Service Agreement Interventive Roles Chapter Summary A Look Forward Reading Learning Exercises References Part III Tools for doing the decided: 12 Interventive Methods to Mobilize Power Chapter Preview Securing Resources for Clients Increasing Client Awareness of Self Strengthening Client Communication Skills Providing Information for Clients

Small Groups and Culture Creation: The Idioculture of Little League Baseball Teams

Abstract: Following interactionist theory, this study argues that cultural creation and usage can be examined by conceptualizing cultural forms as originating in a small-group context. Those cultural elements which characterize an interacting group are termed the idioculture of the group. This approach focuses on the content of small-group interaction, and suggests that the meanings of cultural items in a small group must be considered in order to comprehend their continued existence as communication. Five characteristics of cultural items affect which items will become part of a group culture. Cultural forms may be created and continue to be utilized in situations if they are known to members of the interacting group, usable in the course of group interaction, functional in supporting group goals and individual needs, appropriate in supporting the status hierarchy of the group, and triggered by events which occur in group interaction. These elements have impact only through the interpretations of group members of their situations. Support for this approach is drawn from a participant observation study of Little League baseball teams.

Decision Making Among the Young: A Socialization Perspective

Abstract: This article examines decision-making patterns among teen-age consumers. Variables associated with several stages in the decision-making process (information seeking, product evaluation, and purchase), as well as “anticipatory” cognitions regarding family decision making are examined within the context of general theories of socialization.

Measurement of faunal similarity in paleontology

Abstract: A probabilistic index of faunal similarity is proposed which compares the number of taxa common to two faunas with the number that would be expected to be in common if the taxa were distributed randomly. Departures of observed from expected numbers in common express the level of similarity or dissimilarity. The frequency of taxa in the whole data set is used to adjust for the differing probability of occurrence of taxa (cosmopolitan versus endemic). The new index can be used to determine whether similarities or dissimilarities between faunas are statistically significant. The index is tested with 1) modern biogeography of echinoids, 2) environmental distribution of modern foraminifera in Santa Monica Bay, and 3) Ordovician biogeography of nautiloids. In each case, the proposed index is more effective than traditional indexes of faunal similarity (Simpson, Jaccard, and Dice coefficients) in addition to the advantage of making possible rigorous assessment of statistical confidence. The index should also be useful in a biostratigraphic context. The computer program used for calculating the index is available from the authors.

Before Speech: The Beginning of Interpersonal Communication

Abstract: 1. Introduction: prelinguistic communication: a field for scientific research M. Bullowa 2. 'The epigenesis of conversational interaction': a personal account of research development M. C. Bateson 3. Evidence of communication in neonatal behavioral assesment T.B. Brazelton 4. Mutual regulation of the neonatal-maternal interactive: context for the origins of communication P.F. Chappell and L.W. Lander 5. Describing the structure of social interaction in infancy G.M. Collis 6. Neonata entrainment and enculturation W.S. Condon 7. Blind infants and their mothers: an examination of the sign system S. Fraiberg 8. One child's protolanguage M.A.K. Halliday 9. Thickening thin data: the maternal tole in devloping communication and language K. Kaye 10. The growth of shared understandings between infant and caregiver J. Newson 11. How wild chimpanzee babies trigger the onset of mother-infant play - and what the mother makes of it F. Plooij 12. Making sense of experience to make sensible sounds D. Ricks 13. Talking and playing with babies: the role of ideologies of child-rearing C.E. Snow, A. de Blauw and G. van Roosmalen 14. Early tactile communication and the patterning of human organization: a New Guinea case study E.R. Sorenson 15. Communication starts with selective attention K. Stensland Junker 16. Communication and cooperation in early infancy: a description of primary intersubjectivity C. Trevarthen 17. Structure of early face-to-face communicative interactions E. Tronick, H. Als and L. Adamson Bibliography (and citation and names index).

Self-Consciousness, Self-Attention, and Social Interaction

Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to test the effects of self-focused attention on positive and negative social interactions. In the first study, the behavior of dispositionally high and low publicly self-conscious women was examined in an interpersonal situation involving rejection by a group. It was hypothesized that persons high in self-consciou sness, being more aware of how they are perceived by others, would be more sensitive and react more negatively to the rejection than those low in self-consciou sness. The predictions were confirmed. In Experiment 2, female subjects were presented with favorable or unfavorable feedback in the context of an interview, and self-attention was experimentally manipulated by exposing half the subjects to their images in a mirror. Self-awareness increased the negative response to the negative evaluation and tended to increase the positivity of the positive evaluation. The implications of selfawareness theory for the social self and social interaction are discussed. Everyday observations as well as theoretical approaches to social behavior suggest that in the presence of others, one is apt to become self-conscious, that is, aware of the self as a social object that can be observed and evaluated by others. Goffman (1959) has argued quite persuasively that when one is attending to and involved in an ongoing interaction,

Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual

Abstract: "Tantalizingly rich ...this is a splendid book." (Greece and Rome). "Burken relegates his learned documentation to the notes and writes in a lively and fluent style. The book is recommended as a major contribution to the interpretation of ancient Greek myth and ritual. The breadth alone of Burkert's learning renders his book indispensable." (Classical Outlook). "Impressive...founded on a striking knowledge of the complex evidence (literary, epigraphical, archaeological, comparative) for this extensive subject. Burkert offers a rare combination of exact scholarship with imagination and even humor. A brilliant book, in which ...the reader can see at every point what is going on in the author's mind - and that is never uninteresting, and rarely unimportant." (Times Literary Supplement). "Burkert's work is of such magnitude and depth that it may even contribute to that most difficult of tasks, defining myth, ritual, and religion. [He] locates his work in the context of culture and the history of ideas, and he is not hesitant to draw on sociology and biology. Consequently his work is of significance for philosophers, historians, and even theologians, as well as for classicists and historians of Greek culture. His hypotheses are courageous and his conclusions are bold; both establish standards for methodology as well as results. " (Religious Studies Review).

Semantic context and word frequency effects in visual word recognition.

Abstract: Semantic context and word frequency factors exert a strong influence on the time that it takes subjects to recognize words. Some of the explanations that have been offered for the effects of the two factors suggest that context and frequency should interact, and other explanations imply additivity. In a recent study, Schuberth and Eimas reported that context and frequency effects added to determine their subjects' reaction times in a lexical decision (word vs. nonword) task. The present experiment reexamines this question with improved procedures. The data show that context and frequency do interact, with a semantic context facilitating the processing of low-frequency words more than high-frequency words.

No Fat Persons Need Apply: Experimental Studies of the Overweight Stereotype and Hiring Preference

Abstract: Two studies explored reactions to the overweight by isolating the effects of weight from other characteristics of the job applicant. The first study, which established the existence of a stereotype, shows that the overweight are viewed consistently more negatively than others on variables considered important for successful job performance. The second study experimentally investigated occupational discrimination in a simulated hiring setting. Overweight applicants were less highly recommended than average-weight persons despite objectively identical performances. The findings are discussed m the context of current research on cognitive processes.

On the Semantics of Fair Parallelism

Abstract: Suppose that a programming language involves, among other familiar ways of composing commands Ci, a "parallel" construct (C1 par C2) . One expects, when using this language, that a sequence such as x := O; y := 1; (x := 1 par (while x=0 do y := y+1)) should be guaranteed to terminate in whatever context it is executed.

Geography of Elections

Abstract: Within an international framework, this work provides a fully comprehensive approach to the geographical coverage of elections. Numerous applications of ideas and concepts from human geography are incorporated into a new political context, illustrating the manner in which electoral patterns reflect and help produce the overall geography of a region or state. Discussions of various topics are well supported by numerous maps and diagrams which help clarify arguments and serve to define elections within their basic geographical context.

Feminism and suffrage : the emergence of an independent women's movement in America, 1848-1869

Abstract: In the two decades since Feminism and Suffrage was first published, the increased presence of women in politics and the gender gap in voting patterns have focused renewed attention on an issue generally perceived as nineteenth-century. For this new edition, Ellen Carol DuBois addresses the changing context for the history of woman suffrage at the millennium.

Reading Skill and the Identification of Words in Discourse Context.

Abstract: Word identification latencies and word prediction accuracy were compared for groups of skilled and less skilled young readers in three experiments. In each experiment, discourse context reduced identification latencies for less skilled as well as skilled readers. This was true both when context was heard and when it was read. The general relationship between word predictability and latency was the same for skilled readers and for less skilled readers, but only less skilled readers’ identification latencies were affected by word length and word frequency when the word appeared in context. When subjects predicted the word before identifying it, correctly predicted words were identified more quickly than words not predicted correctly, and skilled readers were more accurate in prediction than were less skilled readers. Although reading-related differences in the use of discourse context may characterize other aspects of reading comprehension, the use of context in identifying words is not a major source of reading difficulty.

The cornucopian text: Problems of writing in the French Renaissance

Abstract: This seminal book examines the interaction of literary practice and theory in 16th-century France in the context of the great Renaissance writers, Erasmus, Rabelais, Ronsard, and Montaigne.

Inducements versus Constraints: Disaggregating “Corporatism”

Abstract: The concept of “corporatism” has usefully called attention to the importance of systems of interest representation based on non-competing groups that are officially sanctioned, subsidized, and supervised by the state. Yet these patterns have appeared in such a remarkable variety of political contexts that this concept may be too broad to be useful. On the basis of an analysis of the relationship between the state and organized labor in Latin America, this article argues that the concept of corporatism can be disaggregated so that it sheds light on rather than obscures the different power relationships and political contexts with which it is associated. The analysis focuses on the distinction between “inducements” extended by the state to win the cooperation of groups and “constraints” through which the state directly controls groups. This disaggregated approach enables one to distinguish more subtly among systems of group representation, to conceive of state-group relations in more interactive terms, and to gain insights into the larger political context.

Pictures and Second Language Comprehension: Do They Help?

Abstract: This study investigated the effects of selected pictorial contexts on measures of reading comprehension in beginnning college French. A 6 × 3 factorial design was used to examine the effects of two independent variables. The pictorial context variable consisted of six levels: (1) no visual context; (2) a single-object drawing; (3) prethematic context; (4) thematic context; (5) postthematic context; and (6) multiple context. The textual materials variable consisted of three levels: (1) no text; (2) a 650-word text in French; and (3) the same text in English. 664 subjects at The Ohio State University participated in the 18 treatment conditions. Comprehension of the text was measured by (1) a resume, to be written in English by the subject, measuring recall knowledge; and (2) a 20-item test of recognition knowledge. Results support the research hypothesis that the advantages of having illustrations in the second Language accrued from the fact that the pictures served as advance organizers of a general nature, facilitating the hypothesis-testing process.

Guidelines for Empirically Assessing the Fairness of a Lineup

Abstract: Issues regarding the fairness of lineups used for criminal identification are discussed in the context of a distinction between nominal size and functional size. Nominal size (the number of persons in the lineup) is less important for determining the fairness of a lineup than is functional size (the number of lineup members resembling the criminal). Functional size decreases to the extent that the nonsuspect members of the lineup are easily ruled out as not being suspected by the police. The extent to which the identification of the suspect can be considered an independently derived piece of incriminating evidence is positively related to functional size. Empirical estimates of functional size can be obtained through pictures of the corporal lineup from which mock witnesses make guesses of whom they believe the police suspect. A distinction is made between a functional size approach and hypothesis testing approaches. Uses of functional size notions in the court, by police, and in research are discussed.