Showing papers on "Detector published in 1969"
Book•
01 Jan 1969
TL;DR: In this paper, the development of the Infrared part of the spectrum is discussed, as well as the market for infrared devices and the organization of the infrared system and its organization.
Abstract: Part I The Elements of the Infrared System Chapter 1 Introduction to Infrared System Engineering 1.1 The Development of the Infrared Portion of the Spectrum 1.2 The Market for Infrared Devices 1.3 System Engineering 1.4 The System Engineer 1.5 The Infrared System and the Organization of This Book 1.6 The Literature of the Infrared 1.7 The Symbols and Abbreviations Used in This Book Chapter 2 Infrared Radiation 2.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 2.2 Terminology Used in the Measurement of Radiant Energy 2.3 The Measurement of Radiant Flux 2.4 Thermal Radiation Thermal Radiation Laws 2.5 Emissivity and Kirchhoff's Law 2.6 Selective Radiators Absorption Spectra of Gases Absorption Spectra of Liquids and Solids Molecular Emission Spectra 2.7 Aids for Radiation Calculations Radiation Slide Rules Charts and Monographs Tables of Blackbody Functions 2.8 Other Blackbody Relationships Efficiency of Radiation Production Radiation Contrast Chapter 3 Sources of Infrared Radiation 3.1 Blackbody-Type Sources Theoretical Principles Construction of a Blackbody-Type Source 3.2 Standards for Sources of Radiant Energy 3.3 General-Purpose Sources of Infrared The Nernst Glower The Globar The Carbon Arc The Tungsten Lamp The Xenon Arc Lamp The Laser The Sun 3.4 Targets The Turbojet Engine The Turbofan Engine The Boeing 707 Jet Transport Afterburning The Ramjet The Rocket Engine Aerodynamic Heating Personnel Surface Vehicles Stars and Planets 3.5 Backgrounds The Earth The Sky Outer Space Stars and Planets Chapter 4 Transmission of Infrared Radiation Through the Earth's Atmosphere 4.1 The Earth's Atmosphere 4.2 Water Vapor 4.3 Carbon Dioxide 4.4 Other Infrared-Absorbing Gases 4.5 Field Measurements of Atmospheric Transmission 4.6 Laboratory and Analytical Methods of Predicting Atmospheric Transmission 4.7 Tables of Atmospheric Transmission Data 4.8 Scattering Effects in the Atmosphere 4.9 Transmission Through Rain 4.10 Atmospheric Scintillation Chapter 5 Optics 5.1 Refraction and Reflection 5.2 Describing an Optical System 5.3 Factors Affecting Image Quality Diffraction Aberrations 5.4 Typical Optical Systems for the Infrared Reflective Optics Refractive Optics Miscellaneous Considerations in the Choice of Optics 5.5 Auxiliary Optics 5.6 Methods of Generating Scan Patterns 5.7 Optical Materials for the Infrared 5.8 Antireflection Coatings 5.9 High-Reflection Coatings 5.10 Optical Filters 5.11 Collimators Chapter 6 Optical Modulation 6.1 Optical Filtering for Background Discrimination 6.2 The Use of Reticles for Background Suppression 6.3 The Use of Reticles to Provide Directional Information Rotating Reticles Stationary Reticles Two-Color Reticles 6.4 Tracking Systems Without Reticles 6.5 Comments on Reticle Design 6.6 Fabrication of Reticles Chapter 7 Introduction to Detectors 7.1 How the Performance of a Detector is Described 7.2 Thermal Detectors The Thermocouple The Thermopile The Bolometer The Pneumatic or Golay Detector The Calorimetric Detector Problems of Blackening Thermal Detectors 7.3 Photon or Quantum Detectors The Photoelectric Detector The Photoconductive Detector The Photovoltaic or p-n Junction Detector The Photoelectromagnetic Detector Spectral Response of Photon Detectors Fabrication of Photon Detectors 7.4 The Comparison of Detectors 7.5 Optically Immersed Detectors 7.6 Imaging Detectors Infrared Film The Image Converter The Vidicon The Photothermionic Image Converter The Evaporograph The Infrared-Sensitive Phosphor Chapter 8 Noise 8.1 Types of Noise Johnson or Thermal Noise Shot Noise Partition Noise 1/f Noise Generation-Recombination Noise Radiation or Photon Noise Temperature Noise Summary - Noise in Detectors 8.2 Equivalent Noise Bandwidth 8.3 The Statistical Description of Noise 8.4 Meters for the Measurement of Noise Peak-Responding Meter Rms-Responding Meter Average-Responding Meter 8.5 Noise Figure Chapter 9 The Measurement of Detector Characteristics 9.1 Quantities To Be Measured 9.2 The Basic Detector Test Set 9.3 Use of the Basic Detector Test Set Measurement of Detector Area Determining the Operating Point of a Detector Determining the Operating Point for a Detector that Requires Bias Determining the Operating Point for a Self-Generating Detector Calibrating the Amplification of the Test Set Measurement of Frequency Response Measurement of the Detector Noise Spectrum Calculation of the Various Figures of Merit 9.4 The Measurement of Spectral Response 9.5 The Measurement of Time Constant 9.6 The Measurement of Detector Response Contours Chapter 10 Modern Detectors and the Ultimate Limits on Their Performance 10.1 Background-Limited Photon Detectors 10.2 Limitations on the Performance of Thermal Detectors 10.3 Considerations in the Selection of a Detector 10.4 Engineering Data on Selected Detectors Chapter 11 Techniques for Cooling Detectors 11.1 Packaging Cooled Detectors 11.2 Low-Temperature Coolants 11.3 Open-Cycle Refrigerators Liquid-Transfer Refrigerators Joule-Thomson Refrigerators Solid-Refrigerant Coolers Radiative-Transfer Coolers Comparison of Typical Open-Cycle Refrigerators 11.4 Closed-Cycle Refrigerators Joule-Thomson (Closed-Cycle) Refrigerators Claude Refrigerators Stirling Refrigerators Refrigerators Using Other Refrigeration Cycles Comparison of Typical Closed-Cycle Refrigerators 11.5 Solid-State Refrigerators Thermoelectric Refrigerators Thermomagnetic Refrigerators 11.6 Integrating the Detector and Refrigerator Chapter 12 Signal Processing and Displays 12.1 General Considerations 12.2 Preamplifiers Preamplifiers Using Vacuum Tubes Preamplifiers Using Transistors Preamplifiers Using Microelectronics 12.3 Additional Considerations in Signal Processing 12.4 Multiple-Channel Systems 12.5 Displays Chapter 13 The Analysis of Infrared Systems 13.1 The Generalized Range Equation Tradeoff Analysis 13.2 The Generalized Range Equation for a Background-Limited Detector 13.3 The Range Equation for Specific Types of Systems Search Systems Tracking Systems that Use Reticles Tracking Systems that Use Pulse Position Modulation 13.4 Line-Scan Thermal Mapping Systems 13.5 Radiometry 13.6 The Specification of System Performance Chapter 14 The Design of an Infrared Search System 14.1 Preliminary Studies 14.2 System Synthesis and Analysis 14.3 Tradeoff Studies and Final System Design Part II The Applications of Infrared Techniques Chapter 15 An Introduction to the Applications of Infrared Techniques 15.1 The Applications of Infrared Techniques 15.2 Miscellaneous References Chapter 16 Military Applications of Infrared Techniques 16.0 General 16.1 Search, Track, and Ranging Applications 16.1.1 Search Systems 16.1.2 Track Systems 16.1.3 Search and Track Systems 16.1.4 Weapon Guidance 16.1.5 Navigation and Flight Control Systems 16.1.6 Ranging Systems 16.2 Radiometric Applications 16.2.1 Measurement of Flux 16.3 Spectroradiometric Applications 16.3.1 Target and Background Signatures 16.3.2 Miscellaneous 16.4 Thermal Imaging Applications 16.4.1 Reconnaissance 16.5 Applications Involving Reflected Flux 16.5.1 Applications of Image Converter Tubes 16.5.2 Infrared Photography 16.6 Applications Involving a Cooperative Source 16.6.1 Terrestrial Communications 16.6.2 Ranging 16.6.3 Infrared Countermeasures 16.6.4 Command Guidance Chapter 17 Industrial Applications of Infrared Techniques 17.1 Search, Track, and Ranging Applications 17.1.1 Search Systems 17.2 Radiometric Applications 17.2.1 Measurement of Temperature 17.2.2 Position Sensing 17.3 Spectroradiometric Applications 17.3.1 Measurement of Temperature 17.3.2 Miscellaneous 17.4 Thermal Imaging Applications 17.4.1 Nondestructive Test and Inspection 17.5 Applications Involving Reflected Flux 17.5.1 Applications of Image Converter Tubes 17.5.2 Infrared Photography 17.5.3 Miscellaneous 17.6 Applications Involving a Cooperative Source 17.6.1 Intrusion Detection 17.6.2 Miscellaneous Chapter 18 Medical Applications of Infrared Techniques 18.1 Search, Track, and Ranging Applications 18.1.1 Obstacle Detection (Passive) 18.2 Radiometric Applications 18.2.1 Measurement of Temperature 18.3 Spectroradiometric Applications 18.3.1 Miscellaneous 18.4 Thermal Imaging Applications 18.4.1 Diagnostic Assistance 18.5 Applications Involving Reflected Flux 18.5.1 Applications of Image Converter Tubes 18.5.2 Infrared Photography 18.5.3 Miscellaneous 18.6 Applications Involving a Cooperative Source 18.6.1 Obstacle Detection (Active) Chapter 19 Scientific Applications of Infrared Techniques 19.1 Search, Track, and Ranging Applications 19.1.1 Search and Track Systems 19.1.2 Navigation and Flight Control Systems 19.2 Radiometric Applications 19.2.1 Measurement of Temperature 19.2.2 Measurement of Flux 19.2.3 World Weather Watch 19.3 Spectroradiometric Applications 19.3.1 Remote Sensing of the Earth and its Atmosphere 19.3.2 Remote Sensing of Astronomical Bodies 19.3.3 Instrumentation and Miscellaneous Applications 19.4 Thermal Imaging Applications 19.4.1 Earth Resource Surveys 19.4.2 Meteorological Applications 19.4.3 Lunar and Planetary Studies 19.4.4 Miscellaneous 19.5 Applications Involving Reflected Flux 19.5.1 Infrared Photography 19.5.2 Reflectance Properties of Materials 19.6 Applications Involving a Cooperative Source 19.6.1 Space Communications 19.6.2 Miscellaneous Appendix 1 The Symbols and Abbreviations Used in This Book a. Simple English Letter Symbols b. Simple Greek Letter Symbols c. Special and Composite Symbols d. Selected Abbreviations Appendix 2 Symbols and Nomenclature for Radiometry and Photometry Appendix 3 Conversion Factors Appendix 4 The Unpublished Literature of the Infrared Index
472 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the amplitude and phase information can also be obtained from a generalized diffraction experiment (in spite of the inability of the detector to observe phases directly) on condition that the primary ray can be controlled in a defined way.
Abstract: In addition to the amplitude information, phase information can also be obtained from a generalized diffraction experiment (in spite of the inability of the detector to observe phases directly) on condition that the primary ray can be controlled in a defined way. A single diffraction pattern suffices for the determination of the phases except in the case of a centre of symmetry in real space, and the combination of at least two patterns removes this ambiguity.
288 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a leaky discriminator is proposed for multichannel analyzers to permit effective usage of two-pulser spectrum stabilization. But it is not suitable for counting at high counting rates.
103 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new type of preamplifier is described that promises a significant improvement in the energy resolution of semiconductor detector spectrometers, achieving a total electronic contribution to the resolution of about 150 eV (fwhm-silicon).
71 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the concept of detector loss is used to evaluate losses attributable to integration and collapsing, with an accuracy of ± 0.5 dB for a wide range of detection and false-alarm probabilities.
Abstract: The literature of radar contains results of Rice, Marcum, Swerling, and Schwartz in several families of curves, which permit radar engineersto estimate the signal energy ratio required for a given level of detectionperformance. The variety of radar problems, however, makes itimpractical to construct curves for all combinations of radar and targetparameters. The concept of detector loss is used here to evaluate lossesattributable to integration and collapsing, with an accuracy of ±0.3 dBon steady targets. This is added to a separate fluctuation loss, modifiedfor diversity effects, to obtain results on all Swerling target modelsand also on partially correlated targets. The accuracy of the combinedlosses is ±0.5 dB for a wide range of detection and false-alarm probabilities.Starting from the basic single-sample detection curves, onlythree additional graphs are needed to find the energy ratio for givendetection performance in any of these cases. Examples are given whichshow the ease with which different radar options may be compared asto performance on an arbitrary type of target.
60 citations
Patent•
28 Mar 1969
TL;DR: In this paper, an APPARATUS for the detection of PIPELINE Leak is presented, in which a SOUND ABSORBENT CANISTER is placed between the front and rear SOUND DETECTORS.
Abstract: AN APPARATUS FOR THE DETECTION OF PIPELINE LEAKS, IN WHICH AN APPARATUS COMPRISING A SOUND ABSORBENT CANISTER BETWEEN FRONT AND REAR SOUND DETECTORS DESIGNED TO MOVE THROUGH THE PIPELINE, RECORDS THE SOUND GENERATED BY THE ESCAPING FLUID. THE LEAK IS LOCATED AT THE POINT WHEREIN THE RECORDING TRACES, GENERATED BY THE SOUND DETECTORS, INDICATE A SUDDEN CHANGE IN SOUND INTENSITY CAUSED BY THE SOUND ABSORBENT CANISTER COVERING THE LEAK.
57 citations
01 Jan 1969
TL;DR: In this paper, a high exposure dosimeter based on the relationship between the absorbed dose and the increased chemical reactivity of these dielectric solids is proposed, which can be used to measure absorbed dose in the range of about 107-109 rads.
Abstract: Dielectric plastics are being developed as high exposure dosimeters. The principle of operation is based on the relationship between the absorbed dose and the increased chemical reactivity of these dielectric solids. Polycarbonate plastics can be utilized in measuring absorbed dose in the range of about 107-109 rads. The advantages of the technique lie in the low cost of the detectors, ease of data readout, and high degree of reproducibility achievable. It is hoped that the method can be extended to include the dosimetry of massive doses of soft, low penetrating power X- or γ-radiations.
53 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a theoretical discussion is given of infrared detection systems employing an optically nonlinear crystal, a laser in the visible, and photomultiplier to detect the light produced at the sum or difference frequency.
Abstract: A theoretical discussion is given of infrared detection systems employing an optically nonlinear crystal, a laser in the visible, and photomultiplier to detect the light produced at the sum or difference frequency. Three optical mixing systems are considered in detail and compared with direct detection: (a) cinnabar (HgS) in a single‐pass optical system with the He–Ne 0.6328 μm cw laser, (b) the same crystal and laser with a ring resonator and narrow‐band output filter, and (c) an ideal resonant system with a crystal as nonlinear as HgS but without absorption or double refraction. The noise output consisting of up‐converted thermal noise and (in the case of the difference frequency) optical parametric noise is computed quantitatively. These systems have too small a quantum efficiency to compete with a heterodyne system employing an ir laser and a detector of high quantum efficiency such as a Ge:Cu‐cooled photoconductor. The Ge:Cu detector has however a large dark noise compared to a good photomultiplier, and consequently optical mixing can surpass nonheterodyne direct detection if the required value of B≡(S/N)Δf is sufficiently small. The range of superiority of optical mixing over nonheterodyne direct detection extends high enough in B for Morse code for system (a) (if sum frequency is used), nearly high enough for a telephone channel for (b) and up to the television level for (c).
47 citations
Patent•
22 Jul 1969TL;DR: An electronic, digital, time fuze, has a time base which is introduced over a radar command link at a rate which is inversely proportional to the desired projectile flight time as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: An electronic, digital, time fuze, has a time base which is introduced over a radar command link at a rate which is inversely proportional to the desired projectile flight time. A target following ranging device, such as a ranging laser, provides target range information to a pulsed radar transmitter. The range signal from the ranging device controls a variable pulse rate control unit which in turn adjusts the transmitter pulse rate to a value inversely proportional to the target range. The transmitter is fixed to the weapon system and radiates in the direction of the projectile flight path. Each projectile includes a fuze actuating circuit consisting of an antenna, an r.f. detector, a fixed-set counter and a firing circuit. At launch, the fuze actuating circuit within each projectile becomes actuated a short distance after departure from the gun muzzle. As the projectile travels towards its target it receives a series of r.f. pulses at a rate which will just fill the counter when the projectile is at the proper range. The counter within the fuze counts the pulses received during its flight to target. When the fixed-set number has been accumulated, the firing circuit detonates the payload.
47 citations
Patent•
08 Oct 1969
TL;DR: In this paper, a passive intrusion detector is described with two stationary detectors or detector elements arranged side by side and stationary optics which image a target onto the plane of the detector, which are processed in electronic circuits involving differentiation so that there will be no final output unless the image of the target moves onto and off a detector or, in one modification, from one detector to the other.
Abstract: A passive intrusion detector is described with two stationary detectors or detector elements arranged side by side and stationary optics which image a target onto the plane of the detector. The output of the two detectors or detector elements, which are in opposition, is processed in electronic circuits involving differentiation so that there will be no final output unless the image of the target moves onto and off a detector or, in one modification, from one detector to the other. The electronics can also indicate the direction of the movement. The detector is aimed at an area where an intruder may enter, for example, a path through the jungle, and signals by the infrared radiation of the target that moves into the area or across it actuate an alarm.
46 citations
Patent•
28 May 1969TL;DR: In this article, an optical communication system including a device for splitting the output beam from a laser into two quadrature polarized beams, phase modulators for modulating at least one of the two beams, and a combiner for thereafter aligning the two means in a noninterfering manner for transmission along a single path.
Abstract: An optical communication system including a device for splitting the output beam from a laser into two quadrature polarized beams, phase modulators for modulating at least one of the two beams, and a combiner for thereafter aligning the two means in a noninterfering manner for transmission along a single path. The system further includes a receiver for receiving and separating the two transmitted beams, a rotator for axially re-aligning the polarized beams, and a combiner for combining the two beams in an interfering manner thereby causing amplitude modulation of the combined beam. The signal information is then removed from the amplitude modulated beam by a detector and fed to any suitable readout device.
Patent•
19 Aug 1969
TL;DR: In this paper, a fire detector consisting of a first radiation detector for detecting radiation in the infrared region of the spectrum and a second detector in the ultraviolet region of spectrum, connected to an alarm through a logic circuit was proposed.
Abstract: A fire detector consisting principally of a first radiation detector for detecting radiation in the infrared region of the spectrum and a second detector for detecting radiation in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum, connected to an alarm through a logic circuit. The logic circuit is adapted to set-off the alarm only if the infrared detector detects infrared radiation at a predetermined level in the flicker frequency range of a flame for a predetermined period of time in the absence of ultraviolet radiation at such flicker frequency detected by the ultraviolet detector.
Patent•
11 Aug 1969
TL;DR: In this article, a target search and tracking system is used to estimate the position of the pointing mirror to the target, so that infrared energy is received therefrom, and is reflected to an infrared tracker receiver.
Abstract: For use in a fire control system, a target search and track system to which approximate azimuth and elevation information of the position of a searched target is applied, when the system is in a search mode. The information is used to cause a pointing mirror to point to the target, so that infrared energy is received therefrom, and is reflected to an infrared tracker receiver. Once infrared energy from tee target is received, the system is switched to a track mode in which the position of the pointing mirror is controlled by error signals from the receiver. The receiver includes a detector array and an oscillating, of scanning mirror which, initially, is controlled to scan the array in a wide-angle coarse track mode, in which the array is scanned over a relatively large field of view. When the target is detected near the center of the receiver field of view, the receiver is switched to a small-angle fine track mode, in which the array of detectors is scanned over a much smaller field of view, so that the receiver provides a much higher rate of pointing mirror positioning signals. The positions of the pointing mirror, about two orthogonal axes of rotation, are encoded to provide tracked target azimuth and elevation information, which is supplied to a fire control computer. A laser rangefinder is incorporated, which uses the accurately positioned pointing mirror to reflect laser light to the target and receive laser light, which is reflected by the target back to the system. The laser rangefinder provides the tracked target range information.
Patent•
17 Feb 1969
TL;DR: A moisture gauge for paper material includes an infrared source and two detectors one of which is responsive to a wavelength of 1.94 microns which is sensitive to moisture in the paper; the other detector is not affected by moisture as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A moisture gauge for paper material includes an infrared source and two detectors one of which is responsive to a wavelength of 1.94 microns which is sensitive to moisture in the paper; the other detector is responsive to 1.8 microns which is not affected by moisture. The operating point of the detector not sensitive to moisture is maintained constant by a feedback system. At the same time an impedance ratio of the two detectors provides information as to absolute moisture content. Automatic standardization of the system is also provided.
TL;DR: The pyroelectric detector as discussed by the authors is a thermal sensor of infra-red radiation requiring no bias, but it has a varying noise contribution as a function of frequency due to a load resistor, series loss resistance, and amplifier.
Abstract: The pyroelectric detector is a thermal sensor of infra-red radiation requiring no bias. While in principle a pure capacitor (hence theoretically noiseless), the detector has a varying noise contribution as a function of frequency due to a load resistor, series loss resistance, and amplifier. The actual sensor is a pyroelectric crystal exhibiting spontaneous polarization. The spontaneous polarization and dielectric constant of the crystal are temperature-dependent. A change in incident power raises the detector temperature causing an electric charge to appear across the electroded surfaces cut perpendicular to the crystal's ferroelectric axis. Under open circuit conditions, a voltage is obtained which is ultimately neutralized by current flow through the leakage resistance or load resistor. The evacuated detector package incorporates an electroded flake of triglycine sulfate mounted on a substrate of low thermal and electrical conductivity, a field effect transistor, load resistor, and an infrared transparent window. Data on the detectivity, responsivity, and noise as a function of frequency and area are presented. Polycrystalline pyroelectric detectors of TGS are feasible and simplify the construction of arrays and mosaics. Applications of the pyroelectric detector to date have been in a multielement line scanner, thermal imaging camera, spectrometer, and laser calorimeter.
Patent•
12 Mar 1969
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose an approach for measuring the thickness of an object without requiring any physical contact. But the approach requires the presence of two different sources of energy, one on each side of the object and the other on the centerline of the vehicle.
Abstract: APPARATUS FOR MEASURING THE THICKNESS OF AN OBJECT WITHOUT REQUIRING ANY PHYSICAL CONTACT COMPRISES TWO SOURCES OF RADIANT ENERGY DISPOSED AT A KNOWN FIXED DISTANCE FROM ONE ANOTHER, ONE ON EACH SIDE OF THE OBJECT WHICH IS TO BE MEASURED AND CENTROID STRACKING RECEIVERS DISPOSED IN A FIXED SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH EACH OF THE SOURCES. RADIANT ENERGY FROM THE SOURCES IS DIRECTED TO EACH SIDE OF THE OBJECT TO BE MEASURED AND THE CENTROID OF ENERGY REFLECTED FROM EACH SIDE OF THE OBJECT IS TRACKED BY THE DETECTOR ELEMENTS WHICH PRODUCT OUTPUT SIGNALS WHICH REPRESENT THE ANGLE OF ARRIVAL OF THE REFLECTED ENERGY. THE DETECTOR OUTPUT SIGNALS ARE ELECTRONICALLY PROCESSED ACCORDING TO TRIGONOMETRIC PRINCIPLES SUCH AS TO PROVIDE A SIGNAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE THICKNESS OF THE OBJECT BEING MEASURED.
Patent•
IBM1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a digital FSK/PSK detector for moderate data rates including at least 1200 bits per second and is capable of operating over switching networks, which consists of a binary amplitude quantizer, a clock, a digital time quantizer and a digital delay coacting with an Exclusive-OR circuit for detecting the digital data signal from the frequency shift keyed modulation signal.
Abstract: The digital FSK/PSK detector demodulates digital data from a frequency shift keyed modulation signal (FSK) or a phase shift keyed modulation signal (PSK) for moderate data rates including at least 1200 bits per second and is capable of operating over switching networks. The digital FSK/PSK detector comprises a binary amplitude quantizer, a clock, a digital time quantizer, a digital delay coacting with an Exclusive-OR circuit for detecting the digital data signal from the FSK/PSK modulated signal and a digital filter and smoothing circuit for eliminating undesirable noise from the digital data signal.
Patent•
04 Jun 1969
TL;DR: In this paper, a system to automatically regulate input light and television camera tube gain to maximize scene viewing continuity while protecting against overloads is presented, where a common path comprising a keyed clamp and field gating circuit, parallelly connected peak and average detectors, detector output weighting, amplifying and attenuator circuits.
Abstract: A system to automatically regulate input light and television camera tube gain to maximize scene viewing continuity while protecting against overloads. An electro-optical input assembly, an image intensifier, SEC vidicon and video pre-amplifier produce required video signals. The signals are fed along a common path comprising a keyed clamp and field gating circuit, parallelly connected peak and average detectors, detector output weighting, amplifying and attenuator circuits. The path branches to a control function stage and a high voltage power supply to form a fast vidicon accelerating voltage adjusting loop. The path also branches to iris threshold and dead zone stages, to cause an iris motor to control the iris position in accordance with ambient durational and transient light conditions.
TL;DR: A multidimensional gamma-ray spectrometer detector system has been developed which employs two 23 cm dia. by 20 cm thick NaI(Tl) cyrstals as its principal detectors as mentioned in this paper.
Patent•
12 Nov 1969
TL;DR: In this paper, a click-climinating signal transference channel with a FOLLOW-AND-HOLD CIRCUIT was used to detect the click noise.
Abstract: OCCURRENCE OF A CLICK-TYPE NOISE IMPULSE AND SWITCHING THE FOLLOW AND HOLD CIRCUIT TO THE HOLD CONDITION, WHEREBY THE SIGNAL TRNSFERRED TO THE OUTPUT FILTER IS HELD AT THE LAST PREVIOUT NONCLICK VALUE DURING THE OCCURRENCE OF THE CLICK IMPULSE. A THRESHOLD EXTENSION DEVICE IS CONNECTED BETWEEN THE OUTPUT OF A FREQUENCY-MODULATION DEMODULATOR AND THE INPUT OF THE CUSTOMARY DEMODULATOR OUTPUT FILTER FOR PURPOSES OF MINIMIZING THE OCCURRENCE OF IMPULSE NOISE, USUALLY REFERRED TO AS "CLICK" NOISE, AT THE OUTPUT OF THE OUTPUT FILTER. THE DEVICE INCLUDES A CLICK-CLIMINATING SIGNAL TRANSFER CHANNEL HAVING A FOLLOW AND HOLD CIRCUIT. THE DEVICE ALSO INCLUDES AMPLITUDE-SENSITIVE CLICK DETECTOR CIRCUITRY FOR DETECTING THE
TL;DR: In this article, a general purpose pulse shape discriminating circuit and its applications are described, which is based on a risetime to pulse height converter which can measure, independently of its input pulse height, an arbitrary fraction of the risetime of the input pulses.
TL;DR: The OGO-V spacecraft includes in its payload an experiment designed to measure electric field components of electro-static and electromagnetic waves in the frequency range 200 Hz to 70 kHz, using a variety of short capacitively coupled antennas as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The OGO-V spacecraft includes in its payload an experiment designed to measure electric field components of electro-static and electromagnetic waves in the frequency range 200 Hz to 70 kHz, using a variety of short capacitively coupled antennas. In addition, the experiment has triaxial search coils, and on-board E-B correlations are performed to aid in distinguishing between the two types of waves. The design goals and instrumentation are described, and a brief account of the in-flight operation is presented.
Patent•
29 May 1969
TL;DR: In this article, a simple, lightweight, inexpensive laser proximity warning system for aircraft operating under visual flight rules (VFR) conditions is presented. But the system is not suitable for the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).
Abstract: A simple, lightweight, inexpensive laser proximity warning system for aircraft operating under visual flight rules (VFR) conditions. Mounted on each fully equipped aircraft is a laser transmitter, a detector sensitive to laser radiation and a retroreflector. The laser transmitter and detector periodically scan a predetermined region of the space surrounding the aircraft. If another aircraft equipped with a retroreflector is within the predetermined region, the transmitted laser radiation will be returned to the detector which will activate an indicator in the cockpit to warn the pilot of the presence and approximate bearing of the other aircraft.
Patent•
06 Nov 1969
TL;DR: In this article, an auxiliary magnetic field is provided in the sorting zone to enhance a magnetic characteristic of the material with magnetic properties, and the objects are passed through a strong, steady magnetic field just prior to passing a magnetic field detector.
Abstract: In the machine sorting of objects which have a material with magnetic properties, an auxiliary magnetic field is provided in the sorting zone to enhance a magnetic characteristic of the material with magnetic properties. In one embodiment the objects are passed through a strong, steady magnetic field just prior to passing a magnetic field detector. The magnetic field detector provides a sorting signal related to remanence of the objects, and the objects are deflected or not in accordance with the sorting signal.
TL;DR: In this article, the capture rate of solar neutrinos is estimated for a number of targets that have been suggested previously as possible detectors of solar NEs, and it is shown that the most important feasible experiment to be carried out in the future employs 7Li as a detector.
Abstract: The capture rate of solar neutrinos is estimated for a number of targets that have been suggested previously as possible detectors of solar neutrinos. It is shown that the most important feasible experiment to be carried out in the future employs 7Li as a detector.
TL;DR: In this article, the initial delay in the response of surface barrier detectors to heavily ionizing particles is experimentally studied and various experimental results are given about this delay in different detectors as a function of electric field and temperature.
TL;DR: A microdensitometer system for point measurements in areas down to a few square micrometers is described, constituting a very sensitive system connected to an integrating digital voltmeter, thus facilitating computer analysis.
Abstract: A microdensitometer system for point measurements in areas down to a few square micrometers is described. The detector system is connected to an integrating digital voltmeter, constituting a very sensitive system. The digital output signals and a digital identification are registered on a recorder and on a tape punch, thus facilitating computer analysis.
TL;DR: In this paper, a large-acceptance and high-efficiency neutron detector is described, which consists of twenty-four elements of plastic scintillator, each having dimensions (100×18×18) cm3.
Abstract: A large-acceptance and high-efficiency neutron detector is described. The sensitive surface and volume of the detector are 2.16 m2 and 0.78 m3, respectively. The detector consists of twenty-four elements of plastic scintillator, each having dimensions (100×18×18) cm3. The large volume of scintillator, in the particular geometrical arrangement chosen, allows a mean detection efficiency of about 25% in the range (70÷390) MeV neutron kinetic energy for a laboratory solid angle of 0.14 sr at 4 m radial distance. With the techniques adopted, calibrations with charged particles can be easily performed in a few hours using a low beam intensity. An interesting features of this instrument is the accuracy achieved in locating incident particles, which is ±1.4 cm for charged particles, and ±2.5 cm for neutrons. The accuracies achieved for the time-of-flight measurement are ±0.35 ns for charged particles and ±0.7 ns for neutrons. With these resolutions in the neutron time of flight and angle, the uncertainty in the missing mass is ±4 MeV for η, ±10 MeV for ω, and ±15 MeV for ϕ mesons.
TL;DR: In this article, the Werthamer-Shapiro theory of the nonlinear coupling of junction current to a resonant cavity has been extended to include the effect of applied radiation at the cavity resonance frequency and is shown to account for the feedback narrowing.
Abstract: Experimental evidence is presented for feedback‐narrowed far‐infrared response of a point contact Josephson junction which is strongly coupled to a resonant cavity The observed response shows high sensitivity (NEP ≲ 10−14W/Hz) and frequency selectivity (Q ≳ 103) and so is of value as a tunable narrow‐band detector of millimeter and submillimeter wave radiation The Werthamer‐Shapiro theory of the nonlinear coupling of junction current to a resonant cavity has been extended to include the effect of applied radiation at the cavity resonance frequency and is shown to account for the feedback narrowing