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Showing papers on "Diaspora published in 2007"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on recent cultural geographical research on migration in relation to broader debates about mobility transnationality and diaspora, and trace some of the connections between cultural geographies of migration and what has been termed the new mobilities paradigm and the mobility turn.
Abstract: As part of my last report on cultural geographies of home I addressed recent research on transnational geographies of home and family life for domestic and other migrant workers. Building on this my current report concentrates on recent cultural geographical research on migration in relation to broader debates about mobility transnationality and diaspora. I begin by tracing some of the connections between cultural geographies of migration and what has been termed the new mobilities paradigm and the mobility turn. To do so I trace some of the creative interfaces between work on mobilities and migrations before turning to cultural geographies of migration in relation to transnational citizenship urbanism and networks and to cultural politics and practices in diaspora. (excerpt)

351 citations


Book
01 Apr 2007
TL;DR: DeLoughrey et al. as discussed by the authors explored how island writers inscribe the complex relation between routes and roots in a comparative study of Caribbean and Pacific Island literatures and brought indigenous and diaspora literary studies together in a sustained dialogue.
Abstract: "Routes and Roots" is the first comparative study of Caribbean and Pacific Island literatures and the first work to bring indigenous and diaspora literary studies together in a sustained dialogue. Taking the "tidalectic" between land and sea as a dynamic starting point, Elizabeth DeLoughrey foregrounds geography and history in her exploration of how island writers inscribe the complex relation between routes and roots. The first section looks at the sea as history in literatures of the Atlantic middle passage and Pacific Island voyaging, theorizing the transoceanic imaginary. The second section turns to the land to examine indigenous epistemologies in nation-building literatures. Both sections are particularly attentive to the ways in which the metaphors of routes and roots are gendered, exploring how masculine travelers are naturalized through their voyages across feminized lands and seas. This methodology of charting transoceanic migration and landfall helps elucidate how theories and people travel, positioning island cultures in the world historical process. In fact, DeLoughrey demonstrates how these tropical island cultures helped constitute the very metropoles that deemed them peripheral to modernity. Fresh in its ideas, original in its approach, "Routes and Roots" engages broadly with history, anthropology, and feminist, postcolonial, Caribbean, and Pacific literary and cultural studies. It productively traverses diaspora and indigenous studies in a way that will facilitate broader discussion between these often segregated disciplines.

244 citations


MonographDOI
12 Sep 2007
TL;DR: In this article, Mishra argues that a full understanding of the Indian diaspora can only be achieved if attention is paid to the particular locations of both the 'old' and the 'new' in nation states, using a theoretical framework based on trauma, mourning/impossible mourning, spectres, identity, travel, translation, and recognition.
Abstract: The Literature of the Indian Diaspora constitutes a major study of the literature and other cultural texts of the Indian diaspora. It is also an important contribution to diaspora theory in general. Examining both the 'old' Indian diaspora of early capitalism, following the abolition of slavery, and the 'new' diaspora linked to movements of late capital, Mishra argues that a full understanding of the Indian diaspora can only be achieved if attention is paid to the particular locations of both the 'old' and the 'new' in nation states. Applying a theoretical framework based on trauma, mourning/impossible mourning, spectres, identity, travel, translation, and recognition, Mishra uses the term 'imaginary' to refer to any ethnic enclave in a nation-state that defines itself, consciously or unconsciously, as a group in displacement. He examines the works of key writers, many now based across the globe in Canada, Australia, America and the UK, – V.S. Naipaul, Salman Rushdie, M.G. Vassanji, Shani Mootoo, Bharati Mukherjee, David Dabydeen, Rohinton Mistry and Hanif Kureishi, among them – to show how they exemplify both the diasporic imaginary and the respective traumas of the 'old' and 'new' Indian diasporas.

219 citations


Book
28 Feb 2007
TL;DR: In this paper, Smallwood's "Saltwater Slavery" explores the process of enslavement from its African origins through the Middle Passage and into the American slave market, and how African people were transformed into Atlantic commodities in the process.
Abstract: This bold, innovative book promises to radically alter our understanding of the Atlantic slave trade, and the depths of its horrors. Stephanie E. Smallwood offers a penetrating look at the process of enslavement from its African origins through the Middle Passage and into the American slave market. Smallwood's story is animated by deep research and gives us a startlingly graphic experience of the slave trade from the vantage point of the slaves themselves. Ultimately, "Saltwater Slavery" details how African people were transformed into Atlantic commodities in the process. She begins her narrative on the shores of 17th Century Africa, tracing how the trade in human bodies came to define the life of the Gold Coast. Smallwood takes us into the ports and stone fortresses where African captives were held and prepared, and then through the Middle Passage itself. In extraordinary detail, we witness these men and women cramped in the holds of ships, gasping for air, and trying to make sense of an unfamiliar sea and an unimaginable destination. Arriving in America, we see how these new migrants enter the market for labouring bodies, and struggle to reconstruct their social identities in the New World. Throughout, Smallwood examines how the people at the centre of her story - merchant capitalists, sailors, and slaves - made sense of the bloody process in which they were joined. The result is both a remarkable transatlantic view of the culture of enslavement, and a painful, intimate vision of the bloody, daily business of the slave trade.

200 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Dec 2007
TL;DR: Cultural Heritage and Human Rights: Connotations, Conflicts, conundrums, communities, and communities are discussed in this article, where the authors close the Pandora's box: Human Rights Conundrums in Cultural Heritage Protection.
Abstract: Cultural Heritage and Human Rights.- Connotations, Conflicts, Conundrums, Communities.- Closing Pandora's Box: Human Rights Conundrums in Cultural Heritage Protection.- The Indo-Islamic Garden: Conflict, Conservation, and Conciliation in Gujarat, India.- Tourism, Cultural Heritage, and Human Rights in Indonesia: The Challenges of an Emerging Democratic Society.- Transnational Diaspora and Rights of Heritage.- Performing Slave Descent: Cultural Heritage and the Right to Land in Brazil.- Historical Disruptions in Ecuador: Reproducing an Indian Past in Latin America.- Plains Indians and Resistance to "Public" Heritage Commemoration of Their Pasts.- Empty Gestures? Heritage and the Politics of Recognition.- Archeology as Activism.- Genes and Burkas: Predicaments of Human Rights and Cultural Property.

194 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examines recent attempts to link expatriate experts to national economic development projects through a case study of the New Zealand diaspora strategy and shows how the interaction of governmental strategies and individual mobilities is bringing globalising spaces and subjects into being.
Abstract: Governments across the world are thinking about their expatriate populations in new ways. These new understandings of expatriates emerged as the problem of ‘human capital’ became central to development strategies premised on increased participation in the globalising economy. The ‘expertise’ of expatriates has also been re-imagined through a series of interlinked ideas relating to knowledge, brokerage and leadership. This paper examines recent attempts to link expatriate experts to national economic development projects through a case study of the New Zealand diaspora strategy. Drawing on literature reviews, internet searches, key informant interviews and participation in London-based New Zealand expatriate initiatives, the paper shows how the interaction of governmental strategies and individual mobilities is bringing globalising spaces and subjects into being.

169 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In some cases, diaspora groups produced by a specific set of traumatic memories create "conflict-generated diasporas" that sustain and amplify their strong sense of symbolic attachment to the homeland as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Diaspora groups link processes of globalisation and transnational migration to homeland politics and conflicts. In some cases, diaspora groups produced by a specific set of traumatic memories create ‘conflict-generated diasporas’ that sustain and often amplify their strong sense of symbolic attachment to the homeland. Conflict-generated diasporas tend to be less willing to compromise and therefore reinforce and exacerbate the protractedness of homeland conflicts. Economists have focused on the links between remittances and civil war. Beyond resources, however, conflict-generated diasporas frequently have a prominent role in framing conflict issues and defining what is politically acceptable. Diaspora groups created by conflict and sustained by traumatic memories tend to compromise less and therefore reinforce and exacerbate the protracted nature of conflicts. The 2005 political opening and subsequent crackdown in Ethiopia illustrates how this diaspora shaped recent political developments and points to bro...

164 citations


Book
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: Caribbean Journeys as mentioned in this paper is an ethnographic analysis of the cultural meaning of migration and home in three families of West Indian background that are now dispersed throughout the Caribbean, North America, and Great Britain.
Abstract: Caribbean Journeys is an ethnographic analysis of the cultural meaning of migration and home in three families of West Indian background that are now dispersed throughout the Caribbean, North America, and Great Britain. Moving migration studies beyond its current focus on sending and receiving societies, Karen Fog Olwig makes migratory family networks the locus of her analysis. For the people whose lives she traces, being “Caribbean” is not necessarily rooted in ongoing visits to their countries of origin, or in ethnic communities in the receiving countries, but rather in family narratives and the maintenance of family networks across vast geographical expanses. The migratory journeys of the families in this study began more than sixty years ago, when individuals in the three families left home in a British colonial town in Jamaica, a French Creole rural community in Dominica, and an African-Caribbean village of small farmers on Nevis. Olwig follows the three family networks forward in time, interviewing family members living under highly varied social and economic circumstances in locations ranging from California to Barbados, Nova Scotia to Florida, and New Jersey to England. Through her conversations with several generations of these far-flung families, she gives insight into each family’s educational, occupational, and socioeconomic trajectories. Olwig contends that terms such as “Caribbean diaspora” wrongly assume a culturally homogeneous homeland. As she demonstrates in Caribbean Journeys , anthropologists who want a nuanced understanding of how migrants and their descendants perceive their origins and identities must focus on interpersonal relations and intimate spheres as well as on collectivities and public expressions of belonging.

161 citations


Book
18 Oct 2007
TL;DR: The debate within: White Backlash, The New Thing, and Economics 8. Aesthetic Agency and Self-Determination 9. Coda as discussed by the authors The Debate Within: white backlash, the new thing, and economics
Abstract: 1. Introduction 2. Jim Crow, Economics, and the Politics of Musicianship 3. Modernism, Race, and Aesthetics 4. Africa, The Cold War and the Diaspora at Home 5. Activism and Fundraising from Freedom Now to the Freedom Rides 6. Activism and Fundraising from Birmingham to Black Power 7. The Debate Within: White Backlash, The New Thing, and Economics 8. Aesthetic Agency and Self-Determination 9. Coda

140 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present evidence supporting their thesis that this change had a major influence on Jewish economic and demographic history and show that the high individual and community cost of educating children in subsistence farming economies (2nd to 7th centuries) prompted voluntary conversions of Jews that account for a share of the reduction from 4.5 to 1.2 million.
Abstract: From the end of the second century CE, Judaism enforced a religious norm requiring fathers to educate their sons. We present evidence supporting our thesis that this change had a major influence on Jewish economic and demographic history. First, the high individual and community cost of educating children in subsistence farming economies (2nd to 7th centuries) prompted voluntary conversions of Jews that account for a share of the reduction from 4.5 to 1.2 million. Second, the Jewish farmers who invested in education gained the comparative advantage and incentive to enter skilled occupations during the urbanization in the Abbasid empire in the Near East (8th and 9th centuries) and they did select themselves into these occupations. Third, as merchants the Jews invested even more in education—a precondition for the mailing network and common court system that endowed them with trading skills demanded all over the world. Fourth, the Jews generated a voluntary diaspora within the Muslim Empire and later to Western Europe. Fifth, the majority of world Jewry lived in the Near East when the Mongol invasions in the 1250s brought this region back to a subsistence farming economy in which many Jews found it difficult to enforce the religious norm, and hence converted, as it had happened centuries earlier. (JEL: J1, J2, N3, O1, Z12, Z13)

Book
01 Aug 2007
TL;DR: Finnegan as mentioned in this paper argues that it is time to abandon the long-entrenched image of Africa as "the oral continent" and to adopt a more critical comparative perspective on the oral world.
Abstract: Africa has long been known as the oral continent, at once the home of oral literature, orature and orality, the oral background to the postcolonial literatures of today, and the inspirer of the voiced traditions of the diaspora. But does this image of Africa and orality still stand up to scrutiny? In this new synthesis of her earlier and most recent work Ruth Finnegan illustrates the continuing interest of African verbal arts and performances and reflects on the related development of ‘orality’ studies through the decades since the 1960s. Her provocative conclusion is that it is time to abandon the long-entrenched image of Africa as ‘the oral continent’ and to adopt a more critical comparative perspective on ‘the oral’

Book
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: In this article, Des-Pardes in the American Suburbia: Narratives from the Suburban Indian Diaspora, Saris, Chutney Sandwiches, and "Thick Accents": Constructing Difference, and Glass Ceilings: Repositioning Difference.
Abstract: AcknowledgmentsIntroduction 1 American Karma: Race, Place, and Identity in the Indian Diaspora 2 Qualitative Inquiry and Psychology: Doing Ethnography in Transnational Cultures 3 Des-Pardes in the American Suburbia: Narratives from the Suburban Indian Diaspora 4 Saris, Chutney Sandwiches, and "Thick Accents": Constructing Difference 5 Racism and Glass Ceilings: Repositioning Difference6 Analyzing Assignations and Assertions: The Enigma of Brown Privilege 7 Imagining Homes: Identity in Transnational Diasporas Notes BibliographyIndex About the Author

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a case study of Samoa, where the development of basic beach huts has provided a low-cost vacation option for both local and overseas-based Samoan tourists, demonstrates how domestic tourism can have significant economic, socio-cultural and political benefits.
Abstract: In many countries there is an insidious perception that domestic tourism is the ‘poorcousin’ of the more glamorous international tourism market. Yet domestic tourism constitutes the vast majority of tourist flows world wide, and there has been significant growth within Third World countries in particular coinciding with an increase in numbers of middle-income earners. Simultaneously there has been a tendency to take for granted return visits by overseas-based nationals, the diaspora. Using a case study of Samoa, where the development of basic beach huts has provided a low-cost vacation option for both local and overseas-based Samoan tourists, this article demonstrates how domestic tourism can have significant economic, socio-cultural and political benefits. As such, domestic and diaspora tourism deserve more serious consideration than they have been granted by most governments and by tourism and development researchers to date.

Book
27 Aug 2007
TL;DR: The persistence of African ethnic identities through four hundred years of the Atlantic slave trade is explored in this paper, showing that despite the fragmentation of the diaspora many ethnic groups retained enough cohesion to communicate and to transmit elements of their shared culture.
Abstract: The survival of African ethnic identities through four hundred years of the Atlantic slave trade Enslaved peoples were brought to the Americas from many places in Africa, but a large majority came from relatively few ethnic groups. Drawing on a wide range of materials in four languages as well as on her lifetime study of slave groups in the New World, Gwendolyn Midlo Hall explores the persistence of African ethnic identities among the enslaved over four hundred years of the Atlantic slave trade. Hall traces the linguistic, economic, and cultural ties shared by large numbers of enslaved Africans, showing that despite the fragmentation of the diaspora many ethnic groups retained enough cohesion to communicate and to transmit elements of their shared culture. Hall concludes that recognition of the survival and persistence of African ethnic identities can fundamentally reshape how people think about the emergence of identities among enslaved Africans and their descendants in the Americas, about the ways shared identity gave rise to resistance movements, and about the elements of common African ethnic traditions that influenced regional creole cultures throughout the Americas.

Journal Article
TL;DR: Ogundiran and Falola as discussed by the authors described the history and material life in a Yoruba-Edo Hinterland, ca. 1600-1750, during the Atlantic Slave Trade.
Abstract: Contents Preface Part 1. Introduction 1. Pathways in the Archaeology of Transatlantic Africa Akinwumi Ogundiran and Toyin Falola Part 2. Atlantic Africa 2. Entangled Lives: The Archaeology of Daily Life in the Gold Coast Hinterlands, AD 1400-1900 Ann Brower Stahl 3. Living in the Shadow of the Atlantic World: History and Material Life in a Yoruba-Edo Hinterland, ca. 1600-1750 Akinwumi Ogundiran 4. Dahomey and the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeology and Political Order on the Bight of Benin J. Cameron Monroe 5. Enslavement in the Middle Senegal Valley: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives Alioune Deme and Ndeye Sokhna Gueye 6. The Landscape and Society of Northern Yorubaland during the Era of the Atlantic Slave Trade Aribidesi Usman 7. The Collapse of Coastal City-States of East Africa Chapurukha M. Kusimba 8. Ghana's "Slave Castles," Tourism, and the Social Memory of the Atlantic Slave Trade Brempong Osei-Tutu Part 3. African Diaspora 9. BaKongo Identity and Symbolic Representation in the Americas Christopher C. Fennell 10. "In This Here Place": Interpreting Enslaved Homeplaces Whitney L. Battle-Baptiste 11. Bringing the Out Kitchen In? The Experiential Landscapes of Black and White New England Alexandra A. Chan 12. African Metallurgy in the Atlantic World Candice L. Goucher 13. Between Urban and Rural: Organization and Distribution of Local Pottery in Eighteenth-Century Jamaica Mark W. Hauser 14. Allies, Adversaries, and Kin in the African Seminole Communities of Florida: Archaeology at Pilaklikaha Terrance Weik 15. Scars of Brutality: Archaeology of the Maroons in the Caribbean E. Kofi Agorsah 16. The Archaeological Study of the African Diaspora in Brazil Pedro P. Funari 17. The Vanishing People: Archaeology of the African Population in Buenos Aires Daniel Schavelzon 18. Maritime Archaeology and the African Diaspora Fred L. McGhee 19. Archaeology of the African Meeting House on Nantucket Mary C. Beaudry and Ellen P. Berkland 20. Practicing African American Archaeology in the Atlantic World Anna S. Agbe-Davies References List of Contributors Index

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: One approach focuses on folkways, the other on factor endowments as mentioned in this paper, and the polar extremes are persistence and transience, inheritance and experience, whereas a focus on experience highlights the physical and social environments, such as climate, natural resources, and settlement processes that they encountered.
Abstract: Broadly speaking, two contrasting models dominate interpretations of Atlantic history. One draws on Old World influences to explain the nature of societies and cultures in the Americas, while the other assigns primacy to the New World environment. One stresses continuities, the other change. The polar extremes are persistence and transience, inheritance and experience. An emphasis on inheritance prioritizes the cultural baggage that migrants brought with them, whereas a focus on experience highlights the physical and social environments, such as climate, natural resources, and settlement processes, that they encountered. In modern parlance, one approach focuses on folkways, the other on factor endowments. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, these two viewpoints clashed, and the debate still reverberates in modified form. An emphasis on cultural continuities was the preserve of germ theory historians, such as Herbert Baxter Adams and Edward Eggleston, who stressed what immigrants from Europe brought with them when they crossed the Atlantic. Frederick Jackson Turner most famously challenged this emphasis, arguing that an egalitarian civil society and political democracy were rooted in the expanding frontier and availability of land in temperate North America. In the course of the twentieth century, the frontier thesis gathered considerable strength. Although historians of migration no longer mention the Turner school, the new environment continues to be seen as the dominant influence, whether in terms of physical resources or the evolution of new social identities. In the Black Atlantic, the frontier thesis might seem irrelevant, but there, too, the literature on creolization, stemming most notably from the work of Sidney Mintz and Richard Price, saw the historiographical pendulum swing toward an emphasis on the discontinuity of the transatlantic experience and the critical importance of the New World environment.1

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The new forms of religious practices that began to occur on Usenet sites were explored, focusing on the manner in which Internet technology and the World Wide Web were utilized for activities such as long-distance ritual practice, cyber pilgrimage, and other religiously-motivated undertakings.
Abstract: This study demonstrates how diaspora religious traditions utilized the Internet to develop significant network connections among each other and also to their place of origins. By examining the early Usenet system, I argue that the religious beliefs and practices of diaspora religious traditions were a motivating factor for developing Usenet groups where geographically dispersed individuals could connect with each other in safe, supportive, and religiously tolerant environments. This article explores the new forms of religious practices that began to occur on these sites, focusing on the manner in which Internet technology and the World Wide Web were utilized for activities such as long-distance ritual practice, cyber pilgrimage, and other religiously-motivated undertakings. Through these new online religious activities, diaspora groups have been able to develop significant connections not only among people, but also between people and the sacred homeland itself.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article explored the uneven geographies that accompany India's recent discussions of its dual citizenship provisions and revealed constructions of diaspora membership by mapping the discourses contained within the Dual Citizenship legislation of 2003, the 2003 Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (Overseas India Day) campaign, and the 2001 report of the Diaspora Committee onto the case of South Africa.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examine the possibility of a productive dialogue between diaspora studies and the anthropology of immigrant education in the United States, arguing that their respective views on the nation-state is a key source for their different orientations toward migrant social and cultural worlds.
Abstract: In this article, I examine the possibility of a productive dialogue between diaspora studies and the anthropology of immigrant education in the United States. Arguing that their respective views on the nation-state is a key source for their different orientations toward migrant social and cultural worlds, I nevertheless argue that an engagement between these two fields of study will yield more critical understandings of nationalism, the category of the “immigrant,” and multiculturalism within both these areas of scholarship.

Book
17 Jan 2007
TL;DR: The authors discusses the politics of language and Diaspora in the context of transliteration and orthography in an Indo-Mauritian world. But their focus is on the origins of ancestor languages.
Abstract: List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Note on Transliteration and Orthography Introduction 1. Creole Island or Little India? The Politics of Language and Diaspora 2. An Indo-Mauritian World: "Ancestral Culture," Hindus, and Their Others 3. Social Semiotics of Language: Shifting Registers, Narrative, and Performance 4. Colonial Education, Ethnolinguistic Identifications, and the Origins of Ancestral Languages 5. Performing Purity: Television and Ethnolinguistic Recognition 6. Calibrations of Displacement: Diasporization, Ancestral Language, and Temporality Conclusion: Time, Technology, and Language Notes References Index

Book
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explain the character of ethnicity, from being a political tool of exclusion, to a source of meaning and solidarity, and the relationship between culture, power and identity.
Abstract: Mixing theories of the everyday with a wide range of case studies, this book explains the 'character' of ethnicity, from being a political tool of exclusion, to a source of meaning and solidarity, and the relationship between culture, power and identity. Combining theories of the everyday with empirical case studies, this book examines: the 'dual character' of ethnicity – as a political tool of exclusion and source of meaning/ solidarity respectively the relationship between culture, power and identity the significance of historical/socio-economic contexts to ethnicity and everyday life. This book addresses many important questions through a critical application of theories of the everyday to a series of case studies that include travellers, the South Asian diaspora, contemporary Austria, and asylum seekers in 'Fortress Europe'. This book provides an accessible and coherent introduction to the sociology of ethnicity and will be essential reading for undergraduate students on cultural studies, race and ethnic studies, and sociology courses.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that it is necessary to look beyond such conceptualisations of diaspora as nomadic/fluid (unbounded) or homeland-centred/ethnic-religious (bounded).
Abstract: This article discusses different conceptualisations of diaspora, as bounded, unbounded and as a process, in order to help highlight the useful role diaspora can play in explorations and (de)constructions of nation-state, community and identity boundaries. There are two main ways in which diaspora has been theorised. The first theorises diaspora in relation to defined homeland-orientated ethnic groups and identities and the second theorises diaspora in relation to fluid, non-essentialised, nomadic identities. This article argues that it is necessary to look beyond such conceptualisations of diaspora as nomadic/fluid (unbounded) or homeland-centred/ethnic-religious (bounded). This article advocates a flexible use of diaspora as process that is able to examine the dynamic negotiations of collective, strategic and politicised identities based around constructions of ‘sameness’ and the homeland, as well as individual identities that are malleable, hybrid and multiple. It stresses that it is within this notion of diaspora as process that geographers, with their emphasis on place, space and time, have an important role to play.

Journal ArticleDOI
Bruce A. Collet1
TL;DR: The authors examines resistance among traditional Muslim groups to Toronto school policies and practices that reflect an avowedly secular orientation, focusing on the experiences of one Muslim group in particular, Somali immigrants.
Abstract: Public schools have historically been key sites where children learn of and adopt a common national identity. In states where multiculturalism plays a central role in the articulation of a national identity, schools actively recognize and support the diverse cultures of their students in fulfilling this function. Canada is a state where, via federal policy, multiculturalism has been identified as a fundamental element of the national ethos. Formal education has been a key area in which the government has implemented this policy. However, public education in Canada is also committed to secularism, and this has been a cause for resistance by diverse immigrant groups. This paper examines resistance among traditional Muslim groups to Toronto school policies and practices that reflect an avowedly secular orientation. It focuses on the experiences of one Muslim group in particular, Somali immigrants, and their encounters with school policies and practices that both supported and challenged their identities. In ...

Book
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: The authors investigates the diverse roles of diasporas in different phases of conflict, including preconflict and escalatory phases, hot conflict, peacemaking, and peacebuilding.
Abstract: Diasporas can have a positive and a negative impact on international politics Groups of exiles, refugees, migrants, and other forms of diaspora populations play a part in the processes and outcomes of international politics in both their native and adopted countries Diasporas can secure tangible and intangible resources to fuel armed conflicts, and they can provide opaque institutional and network structures that enable the transfer of arms and money to terrorist groups More positively, diasporascan give humanitarian assistance to victims of conflict and they also support post-war reconstruction efforts They have the potential to make powerful contributions to peace and reconciliation This book investigates the diverse roles of diasporas in different phases of conflict, including preconflict and escalatory phases, hot conflict, peacemaking, and peacebuilding The contributors identify patterns of diaspora intervention in conflicts and focus on leverage points for constructive interventions by global policymakers The book brings together globally authoritative voices in the study of diasporas from the diverse disciplines of political science, sociology, cultural studies, literary theory, feminist theory, and anthropology

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that diaspora must be understood as a condition of subjectivity and not as an object of analysis, and they propose an understanding of diasporas as first and foremost a subjective condition marked by the contingencies of long histories of displacements and genealogies of dispossession.
Abstract: This essay argues that diaspora must be understood as a condition of subjectivity and not as an object of analysis I propose an understanding of diaspora as first and foremost a subjective condition marked by the contingencies of long histories of displacements and genealogies of dispossession In focusing on the problem of subjectivity and subject formation, I am suggesting that diasporas are not just there They are not simply collections of people, communities of scattered individuals bound by some shared history, race or religion Rather, they emerge in relation to power, in the turn to and away from power Diasporic subjects emerge in turning, turning back upon those markers of the self—homeland, memory, loss—even as they turn on or away from them

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the co-constitutive politics of displacement and longing in the South Asian diaspora is discussed. But the authors focus on the social, cultural, psychic, and experiential facets of the diasporic experience, making it a fundamentally "human phenomenon" setting it apart from transnationalism.
Abstract: Migration has taken on a ubiquitous quality as we appear to inhabit a world in which large numbers of people are on the move and have contingent locations. Consequently, national boundaries have become more diffi cult to defi ne in terms of identities; they can no longer be neatly ascribed on people’s bodies. This contingency, however, does not negate a desire for connection and belonging. Contributors to this issue shed light on the co-constitutive politics of displacement and (be)longing in the South Asian diaspora. The social, cultural, psychic, and experiential facets of the diaspora, Jana Braziel and Anita Mannur (2003: 15) contend, make it a fundamentally ‘human phenomenon’ setting it analytically apart from transnationalism which, in addition, encompasses the impersonal fl ows of capital, goods, ideas, images, and information. At the same time, Braziel and Mannur trace the shared investigative terrain of migration, transnational, and diasporic studies, the overlaps in which are of greater interest to us since we see migration and the diaspora as social-historical processes. Following Aisha Khan, one of the contributors who encourages us to think of the diaspora ‘in terms of a relationship rather than a condition’ of exile, displacement, or resettlement, we take a processual and relational approach to the concept of diaspora.

Book
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: Shain's "politics of belonging" as discussed by the authors examines the importance of diasporas, kinship networks, and communities of exiles to the international political landscape and proposes a new vision of international politics in which national boundaries are permeable, and formal institutions mingle with informal networks of blood and belief.
Abstract: This is a major study of the vast - but until now unappreciated - influence of kinship and diaspora on international politics. This essential new work by the author of "The Frontiers of Loyalty" examines the importance of diasporas, kinship networks, and communities of exiles to the international political landscape. Yossi Shain's unexpected insights require a full reckoning with the limitations of territorially-based models of international relations. In their place, "Kinship and Diasporas" offers a new vision of international politics, in which national boundaries are permeable, and formal institutions mingle with informal networks of blood and belief. Shain's "politics of belonging" will require the reassessment of standard social scientific ideas about the nature of the international political order.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The blackness is visible and yet is invisible as discussed by the authors... The blackness cannot bring me joy but often I am made glad in it, and the blackness can be separated from me but I can stand outside it.
Abstract: The blackness is visible and yet is invisible . . . The blackness cannot bring me joy but often I am made glad in it. The blackness cannot be separated from me but often I can stand outside it . . . In the blackness, then, I have been erased, I can no longer say my own name, I can no longer point to myself and say ‘I’. In the blackness my voice is silent. First, then, I have been my individual self. Carefully banishing randomness from my existence, then I am swallowed up in the blackness so that I am one with it. (Jamaica Kincaid) The American Negro must remake his past in order to make his future. (Arturo Alfonso Schomburg)

MonographDOI
28 Nov 2007
TL;DR: In this paper, van Naerssen et al. discuss the role and impact of family remittances in the transnational livelihood strategies of Somalis and the role of migration in shifting rural livelihoods.
Abstract: 1. Globalization, Migration and Development Ton van Naerssen, Ernst Spaan and Annelies Zoomers Part 1: The Role and Impact of Family Remittances 2. The Complex Role of Migration in Shifting Rural Livelihoods: A Moroccan Case Study Hein de Haas 3. International Migration in Indonesia and its Impacts on Regional Development Graeme Hugo 4. Migrant Remittances and Development in Bolivia and Mexico: A Comparative Study Virginie Baby-Collin, Genevieve Cortes and Laurent Faret 5. The Role of Remittances in the Transnational Livelihood Strategies of Somalis Cindy Horst Part 2: Diasporas and Development at Home 6. Migration, Collective Remittances and Development: Mexican Migrant Associations in the United States Gaspar Rivera-Salgado and Luis Escala Rabadan 7. Global Workers, Local Philanthropists: Filipinos in Italy and the Tug of Home Fabio Baggio and Maruja M.B. Asis 8. Migrant Involvement in Community Development: The Case of the Rural Ashanti Region - Ghana Mirjam Kabki, Valentina Mazzucato and Ton Dietz 9. 'We are Bridging Cultures and Countries': Migrant Organizations and Development Cooperation in the Netherlands Ton van Naerssen Part 3: Transfer of Knowledge, Skills and Ideas 10. The Diaspora Option as a Tool Towards Development?: The Highly Qualified Ghanaian Diaspora in Berlin and Hamburg Katharina Goethe and Felicitas Hillmann 11. The Development Potential of Caribbean Young Return Migrants: 'Making a Difference Back Home ...' Robert B. Potter and Dennis Conway 12. (Post)Colonial Transnational Actors and Homeland Political Development: The Case of Surinam Liza M. Nell Part 4: Comprehensive Studies 13. Ambivalent Developments of Female Migration. Cases from Senegal and Lebanon Fenneke Reysoo 14. Migration and Development: Migrant Women in South Korea Hye-Kyung Lee 15. Homeward-Bound Investors: The Role of Overseas Chinese in China's Economic Development Maggi W.H. Leung 16. Conceptualising Indian Emigration: The Development Story Parvati Raghuram