Showing papers on "Dominance (ethology) published in 1999"

Social Dominance: An Intergroup Theory of Social Hierarchy and Oppression

Abstract: Part I. From There to Here - Theoretical Background: 1. From visiousness to viciousness: theories of intergroup relations 2. Social dominance theory as a new synthesis Part II. Oppression and its Psycho-Ideological Elements: 3. The psychology of group dominance: social dominance orientation 4. Let's both agree that you're really stupid: the power of consensual ideology Part III. The Circle of Oppression - The Myriad Expressions of Institutional Discrimination: 5. You stay in your part of town and I'll stay in mine: discrimination in the housing and retail markets 6. They're just too lazy to work: discrimination in the labor market 7. They're just mentally and physically unfit: discrimination in education and health care 8. The more of 'them' in prison, the better: institutional terror, social control and the dynamics of the criminal justice system Part IV. Oppression as a Cooperative Game: 9. Social hierarchy and asymmetrical group behavior: social hierarchy and group difference in behavior 10. Sex and power: the intersecting political psychologies of patriarchy and empty-set hierarchy 11. Epilogue.

Right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and prejudice

Abstract: Right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation have been proposed as 2 major individual-difference variables underlying prejudice. This study examined the relationships of these variables to 3 forms of prejudice-affective responses, stereotyping, and attitudes toward equality enhancement-directed at 2 social groups-African Americans and homosexuals. Canonical correlation analyses showed that social dominance orientation was related to most forms of prejudice directed toward both groups and that right-wing authoritarianism was related to affective responses to and stereotyping of homosexuals. In addition, it was found that, as predicted by the social dominance model, stereotyping mediated the relationships between social dominance orientation and other forms of prejudice and that social dominance orientation mediated gender differences in expressions of prejudice.

Alpha Status, Dominance, and Division of Labor in Wolf Packs

Abstract: The prevailing view of a wolf (Canis lupus) pack is that of a group of individuals ever vying for dominance but held in check by the "alpha" pair, the alpha male and alpha female. Most research on ...

Dominance hierarchy and reproductive conflicts among subordinates in a monogynous queenless ant

Abstract: In insect societies lacking morphologically specialized breeders and helpers, reproduction is often restricted to behaviorally dominant individuals. Such societies occur in about 100 species of ants that have secondarily lost the queen caste. All females, who are morphologically workers, can potentially mate and lay eggs but only a few do so, and we demonstrate in Dinoponera quadriceps that this is regulated by a dominance hierarchy. Six types of agonistic interactions allowed the ranking of 5–10 workers in the hierarchy (n 5 15 colonies). In particular, alpha and beta had characteristic behavioral profiles and were easily recognized. Only alpha mated, and workers ranking beta to delta sometimes produced unfertilized, male-destined eggs. Natural replacements (n 5 19) and experimental removals (n 5 15) of alpha demonstrated that beta was the individual most likely to replace alpha, although gamma and more rarely delta sometimes did, and we discuss the conflict that occurs among high-ranking individuals over who should replace alpha. After such replacements, the new alpha behaved more aggressively than the overthrown alpha. Newly emerged workers tended to reach high ranks and displaced older high-ranking individuals down the hierarchy. Lowranking subordinates often prevented high-ranking individuals from replacing alpha by biting and holding their appendages (worker policing), which is consistent with the pattern of relatedness associated with monogyny and monandry in D. quadriceps. We investigated the relative importance of chemical communication and dominance interactions to regulate reproduction. Alpha, beta, and sterile workers have different signatures of cuticular hydrocarbons, and these may provide honest information which underpins worker policing by low-ranking individuals.

The Puzzle of Continuing Group Inequality: Piecing Together Psychological, Social, and Cultural Forces in Social Dominance Theory

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter deals with a systems-dynamic approach to encompass the range of phenomena relevant to group dominance, from individual psychologies to societal organization. The chapter essentially takes into account the previous works to fit together the pieces of the puzzle of group dominance in a dynamic, integrative theory. The chapter also summarizes robust and important findings from individual prejudice, social ideologies, and institutional discrimination while emphasizing their relationships. Several social theories hint that one must examine whether social relationships are egalitarian or hierarchical. Social dominance theory integrates these processes into a dynamic system and generates research and explains phenomena across levels that social psychology frequently ignores, including the society, family, group, and individual. Because social dominance theory attempts to explain group-based dominance, it examines individuals' psychological orientations towards group dominance versus group equality. This dimension is called social dominance orientation.

Beauty, Dominance, and the Mating Game: Contrast Effects in Self-Assessment Reflect Gender Differences in Mate Selection

Abstract: An experimental study examined the effects of exposure to physically attractive and dominant same-sex individuals on self-assessments. Consistent with prior findings on mate selection, it was predicted that women’s self-assessments of their mate value would be adversely affected by exposure to highly physically attractive women and would be relatively unaffected by exposure to socially dominant women. Conversely, men’s self-assessments of their mate value were expected to be more affected by the social dominance than by the physical attractiveness of the men to whom they were exposed. Findings for self-assessed judgments of desirability as a marriage partner were in line with hypotheses. Results fit with earlier findings suggesting that such effects may be caused by changes in the perceived population of competitors rather than direct changes in self-perceptions of physical appearance or dominance. Overall, findings are supportive of models assuming domain-specific rather than domain-general cognitive pro...

A behavioral approach to feedback loop dominance analysis

Abstract: Feedback loop dominance is a critical tool in explaining how structure drives behavior. Current analytic tools for loop dominance analysis are tacit, not codified, unable to accurately identify dominant loops or inapplicable to most models. Most loop dominance analysis tools focus on model structure to link structure and behavior. We use a behavioral perspective to define dominance, improve descriptions of behavior patterns and identify two important and incompletely developed areas of feedback analysis: simultaneous dominance by multiple loops and shadow loop structures. An analytic procedure is presented, illustrated and compared to an alternative analysis method. An evaluation of the behavioral approach is the basis for identifying new issues and future research opportunities. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Lorenz Dominance and the Variance of Logarithms

Abstract: The variance of logarithms is a widely used inequality measure which is well known to disagree with the Lorenz criterion. Up to now, the extent and likelihood of this inconsistency were thought to be vanishingly small. We find that this view is mistaken : the extent of the disgreement can be extremely large; the likelihood is far from negligible. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)

On Winning Some and Losing Some: A Social Relations Approach to Social Dominance in Toddlers.

Abstract: This is the publisher's version, which is also available electronically from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23093674.

On the Advantage of Serving First in a Tennis Set: Four Years at Wimbledon

Abstract: We investigate four often-heard hypotheses relating to the service in tennis. They are as follows: in the men's singles the service dominance is greater than in the women's singles, a player is as good as his or her second service, there is a psychological advantage to serve first in a set and few breaks occur during the first few games in a match. Moreover, we show the effect of changing the rules of tennis by allowing for only one instead of two services. All items are investigated by using almost 90 000 points at Wimbledon.

The Effects of Ethnicity and Perceived Power On Women's Sexual Behavior.

Abstract: To aid development of programs to prevent HIV transmission in women, differences in sexual attitudes and behavior were examined among women who described themselves as dominant in their relationship with a male partner, sharing dominance equally with a male partner, or being dominated by a male partner. Ethnic differences were also examined among these three groups. Results indicated that perceived dominance was a significant predictor of women's personal empowerment (self-efficacy and outcome expectancies) with regard to sexual decision-making in their current relationship and safer sex behaviors. Ethnic differences were found between African American and White women in personal empowerment and safer sex behavior. Perceived dominance did not appear to affect African American and White women differently.

Effects of male dominance and courtship display on female choice in the ring-necked pheasant

Abstract: Male traits and behaviours acting in mate choice and intrasexual competition are expected to be congruent. When studying their evolution, this often makes it difficult to differentiate between these two components of sexual selection. Studies are therefore needed on mate choice in conjunction with the role of displays and dominance. We present the results from two experiments conducted to investigate the effects of male dominance and courtship displays on female choice in the ring-necked pheasant, Phasianus colchicus, controlling for differences in morphological male traits. We found: (1) different courtship behaviours had different effects on female choice: females were mainly attracted by the feeding courtship behaviour, while another courtship display (the lateral display) was effective in producing the copulation-acceptance response by the females; (2) subordinate males performed the courtship behaviour before females less frequently than dominant males, and females reinforced intrasexual selection by choosing dominant males, and (3) subordinate males in visual contact with a dominant became less attractive to females. The results support the idea (armament-ornament model) that female pheasants may benefit from using traits selected in male-male competition as clues for mate choice.

Body reserves and social dominance in the Great Tit Parus major in relation to winter weather in southwest Ireland

Abstract: We studied the interactions between weather, social dominance and body condition (fat and protein reserves) in a colour-ringed population of the Great Tit in the Killarney National Park, Rep. of Ireland in two mild winters (1990 and 1992) differing markedly in rainfall. Rainfall, but not temperature, was a strong predictor of mean daily fat levels (birds were fatter on wetter days) but did not predict muscle score. The birds were also fatter in the wet winter than the dry one, and this was a greater difference than predicted by daily rainfall alone. The effects of rainfall are considered in the context of ultimate and proximate cues to fattening. In contrast, muscle scores were greater in the dry year than the wet. On average, birds known to have survived from the 1990 to the 1992 winter had higher muscle scores, irrespective of their age or sex, in 1990 than those not seen again. In the wet winter, muscle score (but not fat) was positively correlated with a measure of individual dominance; in the dry winter fat was negatively related to dominance, and no relation was found between muscle score and dominance. These results indicate that individual differences in condition reflect differences in individual status, and that experienced environmental conditions strongly influence the relationship between social status and body reserves. This is the first field study of Great Tits relating condition and dominance among individuals rather than among status classes. We suggest that, under some circumstances, muscle may be a better indicator of condition than fat.

Dominance, gender, and cardiovascular reactivity during social interaction

Abstract: Associations between trait dominance and cardiovascular reactivity were examined in previously unacquainted healthy men and women. Subjects participated in three mixed-gender dyadic interactions with the same partner while their cardiovascular responses were assessed. Among men, but not women, trait dominance was positively and significantly associated with systolic blood pressure reactivity. For men and women, diastolic blood pressure reactivity was positively and significantly associated with trait dominance while participants prepared to interact and with partner's trait dominance while they interacted. All effects held after controlling for trait hostility. Dominance merits attention as a correlate of cardiovascular reactivity, a finding that parallels emerging patterns in the cardiovascular disease literature. Gender and gender-related social factors as potential moderators of this relationship are discussed.

Attribution of social dominance and maleness to schematic faces

Abstract: We report findings which suggest perception of 'higher order' attributes such as gender and social dominance are perceived from a schematic face. To investigate a large population, the first two experiments were carried out in both the traditional manner and on the Internet. Results obtained from both were not significantly different so the data sets were combined. Lowered eyebrow position was a strong indicator of both social dominance and the male gender. A schematic face with a sad mouth resulted in the face's being viewed as less dominant and less male. Eyegaze direction also was investigated and discussed in terms of dyadic influence. Evidence supported the assumption that both social dominance and the male gender are perceived through similar facial configurations on a schematic face. Limitations include the use of schematic face pairs, and the presentation of single faces in research is discussed.

Is Red Coloration of Male Northern Cardinals Beneficial during the Nonbreeding Season?: A Test of Status Signaling

Abstract: I tested the hypothesis that bright colors may function as signals of status during the nonbreeding season, offsetting possible costs associated with such traits. Male Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) do not defend territories during the nonbreeding season and unfamiliar individuals interact over food resources. To test whether red coloration functions as a signal of status among unfamiliar individuals, I manipulated male coloration by a reddening, a lightening, or a sham control treatment to decouple color from other characteristics that might influence dominance. I observed interactions among males from these treatment groups at a single food source. During the trials, dominant individuals gained mass at a higher rate than subordinant individuals, suggesting a benefit of dominance. There was no effect of treatment or manipulated coloration on the initial or final dominance rank, indicating that males are not using red coloration as a signal of status. However, in the final dominance rank, males with naturally redder plumage were more dominant to those that originally had duller plumage. These results suggest that although red coloration is an indicator of dominance, adult males are not using it alone as a signal of status in controlling food resources.

Dominant and subordinate behaviour of captive brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula)

Abstract: Brushtail possums are generally solitary animals. They use a range of olfactory, auditory, visual, and tactile behaviour to achieve spacing between individuals and to establish dominance hierarchies. Existing descriptions of possum behaviour are either not widely available or incomplete, and the function of dominance hierarchies is unclear. Data presented here were collected incidentally during observations of captive possums to determine the effects on dominance status of suppression of reproduction for biological control. Dominant and subordinate behaviour are described and reviewed. The top‐ranking possums in dominance hierarchies were always females. Dominant possums displaced subordinates from food, water, and dens. In our captive setting, only dominant males attempted to mate with females, but dominant and subordinate females produced a similar number of pouch young. In the wild, where resources are limited, we predict that dominance behaviour should limit the frequency and success of breed...