Showing papers on "East Asia published in 1996"

Some lessons from the east asian miracle

Abstract: The rapid economic growth of eight East Asian economies, often called the ‘East Asian miracle,’ raises two questions: What policies and other factors contributed to that growth? And can other developing countries replicate those policies to stimulate equally rapid growth? This article, based on case studies, econometric data, and economic theory, offers a list of the ingredients that contributed to that success. But it is the combination of these ingredients, many of which involve government interventions acting together, that accounts for East Asia's success.

Economic Growth in East Asia: Accumulation versus Assimilation

Abstract: THE IMPRESSIVE economic performance of many Asian economies during the past three decades is now an old story. The growth of per capita GDP averaged over 4 percent in China and the major East Asian economies (Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand) between 1960 and 1994, compared with less than 2 percent in other developing economies and 2.6 percent among the industrial countries.' East Asia stands out as the only region where living standards are catching up to those in industrial countries, while other parts of the developing world seem to be struggling to either tread water or fall further and further behind (see table 1). The exemplary performance of many East Asian economies has been the basis for a large and varied literature, much of which explores reasons for the persistently high growth and draws lessons for other countries that would like to follow suit. A surprising aspect of this literature is the lack of agreement on fundamental aspects of the performance record that analysts seek to explain. Is the basis for East

Impact of El Niño on the East Asian Monsoon A Diagnostic Study of the '86/87 and '91/92 Events

Abstract: The East Asian monsoon circulation during the El Nino episodes of'86/87 and '91/92 is studied diagnostically. It is found that a southerly wind anomaly appeared in the lower troposphere along the coast of the East Asia during the mature phases of these two El Nino events. In the case of '86/87, the mature phase covered the boreal summer and the East Asian summer monsoon was intensified. On the other hand, in the case of '91/92, the northern winter was within the mature phase and the East Asian winter monsoon was weakened. Examination of the circulation features suggests that the effects of the El Nino events on the East Asian monsoon are felt through the variation of convective activities over the western equatorial Pacific. Convections in this area are strongly influenced by the evolution of sea surface temperature anomalies in the equatorial Pacific and are strongly suppressed during the mature phase, which exerts significant influences on the direct monsoonal circulation over the western tropical Pacific and the East Asia. The relationship between the East Asian monsoon and El Nino in its mature phase is also confirmed by a historical 850 hPa wind dataset that covers 6 events prior to the '86/87 event. The dataset also suggests that an inverse relationship does not hold during the La Nina periods.

The Key to the Asian Miracle: Making Shared Growth Credible

Abstract: Easily the most informed and comprehensive analysis to date on how and why East Asian countries have achieved sustained high economic growth rates, [this book] substantially advances our understanding of the key interactions between the governors and governed in the development process. Students and practitioners alike will be referring to Campos and Root's series of excellent case studies for years to come. Richard L. Wilson, The Asia Foundation Eight countries in East Asia--Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia--have become known as the "East Asian miracle" because of their economies' dramatic growth. In these eight countries real per capita GDP rose twice as fast as in any other regional grouping between 1965 and 1990. Even more impressive is their simultaneous significant reduction in poverty and income inequality. Their success is frequently attributed to economic policies, but the authors of this book argue that those economic policies would not have worked unless the leaders of the countries made them credible to their business communities and citizens. Jose Edgardo Campos and Hilton Root challenge the popular belief that East Asia's high performers grew rapidly because they were ruled by authoritarian leaders. They show that these leaders had to collaborate with various sectors of their population to create an environment that was conducive to sustained growth. This required them to persuade the business community that their investments would not be expropriated and to convince the broader population that their short-term sacrifices would be rewarded in the future. Many of the countries achieved business cooperation by creating consultative groups, which the authors call deliberation councils, to enhance accountability and stability. They also obtained popular support through a variety of wealth-sharing measures such as land reform, worker cooperatives, and wider access to education. Finally, to inhibit favoritism and corruption that would benefit narrow interest groups at the expense of broad-based development, these countries' leaders constructed a competent bureaucracy that balanced autonomy with accountability to serve all interests, including the poor. This important book provides useful lessons about how developing and newly industrialized countries can build institutions to implement growth-promoting policies.

Learning from the Asian Tigers: Studies in Technology and Industrial Policy

Abstract: Preface and Acknowledgements - Paradigms of Development: the East Asian Debate on Industrial Policy - Understanding Technology Development - Technology Development Policies: Lessons from Asia - 'The East Asian Miracle' Study: Does the Bell Toll for Industrial Strategy? - Structural Adjustment and African Industry - Malaysia: Industrial Success and the Role of Government - Skills and Capabilities in Ghana's Competitiveness (with Ganeshan Wignaraja) - Foreign Direct Investment Policies in the Asian NIEs - Index

Confucian traditions in East Asian modernity : moral education and economic culture in Japan and the four mini-dragons

Abstract: * Preface * Introduction I. Intellectual and Institutional Resources * Confucian Education in Premodern East Asia W.M. Theodore De Bary * Reflections on Civil Society and Civility in the Chinese Intellectual Tradition Edward Shils * The Intellectual Heritage of the Confucian Ideal of Ching-shih Chang Had * Confucian Ideals and the Real World: A Critical Review of Contemporary Neo-Confucian Thought Liu Shu-Hsien II. Japan *"They Are Almost the Same as the Ancient Three Dynasties": The West as Seen through Confucian Eyes in Nineteenth-Century Japan Watanabe Hiroshi * Confucianism and the Japanese State, 1904-1945 Samuel Hideo Yamashita * The Japanese (Confucian) Family: The Tradition from the Bottom Up Robert J. Smith * Some Observations on the Transformation of Confucianism (and Buddhism) in Japan S. N. Eisenstadt III. South Korea and Taiwan * Confucianism in Contemporary Korea Koh Byong-ik * The Reproduction of Confucian Culture in Contemporary Korea: An Anthropological Study Kim Kwang-ok * State Confucianism and Its Transformation: The Restructuring of the State-Society Relation in Taiwan Ambrose Y. C. King * Civil Society in Taiwan: The Confucian Dimension Thomas B. Gold IV. Hong Kong, Singapore, and Overseas Chinese Communities * The Transformation of Confucianism in the Post-Confucian Era: The Emergence of Rationalistic Traditionalism in Hong Kong Ambrose Y. C. King * Promoting Confucianism for Socioeconomic Development: The Singapore Experience John Wong * Confucianism as Political Discourse in Singapore: The Case of an Incomplete Revitalization Movement Eddie C. Y. Kuo * Societal Transformation and the Contribution of Authority Relations and Cooperation Norms in Overseas Chinese Business S. Gordon Redding * Overseas Chinese Capitalism Gary G. Hamilton * Epilogue * Notes * Glossary * Contributors * Index

Large tectonic movement of the Japan Arc in late Cenozoic times inferred from paleomagnetism: Review and synthesis

Abstract: Paleomagnetic studies facilitate an understanding of the evolution of the Japan Arc in Cenozoic times from the perspective of tectonic movement. The Japan Arc rifted from the Asian continent in the middle Miocene, while East Asia, including the Japan Arc, moved northward at the same time. The rifting phenomenon of the Japan Arc is described by differential rotation of Southwest and Northeast Japan. Southwest Japan was rotated clockwise through about 45° and Northeast Japan was rotated counter-clockwise through about 40°. This differential rotation occurred concurrently at about 15 Ma. Eighty percent of the rotation was completed during a period of 1.8 million years. These factors lead us to propose a‘double door’opening mode with a fast spreading rate of 21 cm/yr for the evolution of the Japan Sea, suggesting that the asthenosphere with a low viscosity was injected beneath the Japan Sea area. The large northward motion of East Asia in relation to Europe is expected from the apparent polar wander path constructed from the paleomagnetic data of the Japan Arc. East Asia may have moved northward by more than 1700 km between 20 Ma and 10 Ma accompanied by a slightly clockwise rotation of 10°. The eastern part of the Eurasian plate was subjected to extreme geodynamic conditions in late Cenozoic times.

School effectiveness in East Asia: Concepts, origins and implications

Abstract: Identifies several features in East Asian schools which coincide with commonly recognized characteristics of effective schools in the Western literature: community support, teacher professionalism, attention to quality and high expectations. Attributes this to the East Asian culture and discusses three major dimensions of the East Asian culture: the individual‐community dimension, the effort‐ability dichotomy and the holistic‐analytic tendency in analyses. Traces the origin of such cultural dimensions in the ancient literature and explores the implications of such cultural dimensions in school management. Briefly highlights two major challenges to the adoption of an effective schooling system in East Asia.

Financial Deregulation and Integration in East Asia

Abstract: The increased mobility and volume of international capital flows is a major trend in international finance. While countries worldwide have engaged in financial deregulation, this pattern is most pronounced in East Asia, where it has created a major effect on the behaviour of exchange rates, interest rates and capital flows. In these 13 essays, American and Asian scholars analyze the effects of financial deregulation and integration on East Asian markets. Topics covered include the roles of the United States and Japan in trading with Asian countries, macroeconomic policy implications of export-led growth in Korea and Taiwan, the effects of foreign direct investment in China, and the impact of financial liberalization in Japan, Korea, and Singapore. Demonstrating the complexity of financial deregulation and the challenges it poses for policy makers, this volume seeks to provide a picture of the overall status of East Asian financial markets for scholars in international finance and Asian economic development.

The Sources of Asian Pacific Economic Growth

Abstract: The objective of this study is to analyze the sources of economic growth of ten Asian Pacific countries (APCs)--China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan and Thailand--in conjunction with four industrialized Western countries (IWCs)--France, West Germany, United Kingdom and the United States--in the postwar period. In previous studies, Boskin and Lau (1990) and Kim and Lau (1994c) find, for the Group-of-Five (G-5) and the East Asian newly industrialized countries (NICs) respectively, that (1) all countries share the same aggregate metaproduction function in terms of "efficiency-equivalent" units and (2) technical progress can be represented in all countries as purely capitalaugmenting. However, Kim and Lau (1994c) also find that there has been no measured technical progress in the East Asian NICs, despite their much higher rates of economic growth. The questions of interest in this study are: (1) Does the same aggregate meta-production function that applies to the G5 countries and the East Asian NICs also apply to other APCs? (2) Does the finding of absence of technical progress hold for all the other APCs except Japan? and (3) What is the relative importance of the different sources of economic growth for the APCs?

Small Countries, Big Lessons: Governance and the Rise of East Asia

Abstract: An exploration of the governance of South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines, showing how they have constructed reliable institutions. Political sovereignty, he argues, must be distinguished from economic ownership so that government service does not become a path to great personal wealth; economic and political activities of regime officials must be kept separate. With these fundamentals of governance in place, East Asian governments have established a secure foundation for economic property rights. The rise of industrial Asia provides important insights into how governments become accountable for the outcome of economic policy. The lessons in this book should help scholars and policy makers identify what is transferable from East Asia's rapid economic expansion, and link that expansion to the universal themes of social and economic development. This book is intended for scholars and students of business and economics, particularly economists, bankers, financial advisers, analysts, investors, businessmen.

Crisis, Contagion, and Country Funds: Effects on East Asia and Latin America

Abstract: Spillover effects, from one country or region to the other countries and regions, have attracted renewed attention in the aftermath of the Mexican crisis of December 1994. This paper uses data on closed-end country funds to study how a negative shock in Mexican equities is transmitted to Asia and Latin America, and to particular countries within each region. Country funds allow us to study the transmission to other fund net asset values (NAVs) and prices, which are traded in local stock markets and in New York, respectively. The evidence indicates that shocks such as the Mexican crisis produce spillover effects which are less strong in Asia than in Latin America. The shocks seem to affect Latin American NAVs directly, while the transmission to Asian NAVs appears to "pass through" the New York investor fund community, rather than directly from equity prices in Latin America to equity prices in Asia. Even though the data show that co-movements are stronger within each regional market =96 East Asia, Latin America, New York =96 than between them, investors do treat different countries differently. Shocks such as the Mexican 1994 crisis seem to have a stronger impact in countries with weak fundamentals. A high debt/export ratio makes the Philippines vulnerable, for example, despite its location in East Asia, while a low debt/export ratio makes Chile relative less vulnerable, despite its location in South America.

The Economics of the Latecomers: Catching-Up, Technology Transfer and Institutions in Germany, Japan and South Korea

Abstract: This book examines the spectacularly successful economies of East Asia, Japan and South Korea. The comparison of the 'catching-up' process in Japan and South Korea includes studies of the iron and steel and semi-conductor industries. The author shows the difficulties involved in trying to detect general patterns of development, as both countries appear to respond to different technological imperatives. As a result general models of development should be treated with caution, given the need to consider different historical and institutional contexts.

The ASEAN Regional Forum

Abstract: Leifer's assessment posts a warning sign for those who see no reason to worry about the stability of East Asia. He warns that "the ARF is embryonic, one-dimensional approach" to the major changes taking place in the security environment of the vital East Asian region.

The East Asian Challenge to Human Rights: Reflections on an East West Dialogue

Abstract: This paper attempts to get beyond the rhetoric that has dogged the human rights debate and to identify relatively persuasive East Asian criticisms of traditional Western approaches to human rights. It distinguishes among three sorts of arguments for a culturally sensitive approach to human rights: (1) the argument that situation-specific justifications for the temporary curtailment of particular human rights can only be countered following the acquisition of substantial local knowledge; (2) the argument that East Asian cultural traditions may well provide the resources to justify and increase

An overview of world trade in sharks and other cartilaginous fishes

Abstract: Overview of the findings of regional TRAFFIC studies in Europe, India, East and Southern Africa, Southeast Asia, East Asia, Oceania and North and South America. It highlights the fisheries, shark products in trade, and the processing, preparation and use of these products in domestic and international markets. It also discusses the management and conservation implications.

Counting the Full Cost: Parental and Community Financing of Education in East Asia

Abstract: This study highlights the need for much more detailed attention to the cost of schooling incurred by parents and communities. In some societies these costs are greater than even the costs to governments. Quite apart from overt forms of privatization, the growth of household resourcing of public education has been a hidden form of privatization of enormous influence. This study presents empirical findings, and primarily focuses on nine East Asian countries -Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Mongolia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam -although clear parallels can be drawn with experiences in some other parts of the world. While patterns are far from uniform, one striking feature from this study is that costs to households have increased in long-standing capitalist countries as well as in former socialist countries. The scale of the increase varies widely, but it is significant that in these countries there is an increase at all. The study concludes that governments seeking to achieve universal primary education and expanded enrollments in secondary education must consider the costs and benefits at the household level. Their resulting policies must focus not only on supply but also on demand for education. Included in demand will be complex considerations of the quality and the price of education. When assessing the cost side of the equation, policy analysts must count the full cost -not only to governments, but also to parents and communities- and not only the monetary costs of donated labor, materials, and land.

Rural-to-urban migration in China.

Abstract: "One consequence of economic reform in China has been the greatly accelerated migration of labour from rural areas to cities. Estimates suggest an annual migrant labour flow of around 50-60 million people, of whom 10-15 million have settled permanently in cities. This article surveys the information that has become available from a number of population and labour surveys. It covers the volume, spatial and temporal dimension of rural-to-urban migration, the characteristics of migrant labourers, the determinants of migration and the impact of migration on China's rural and urban economy."

Asia-Pacific Food Markets and Trade in 2005: A Global, Economy-wide Perspective

Abstract: Rapid industrialization in East Asia, particularly China, is raising questions about who will feed the region in the next century and how Asia will pay for its food imports. The paper addresses this question by first reviewing existing food sector projections and then taking an economy-wide perspective using projections to 2005, based on the global CGE model known as GTAP. After showing the impact of implementing the Uruguay Round, the paper explores the effects of slower global agricultural productivity growth and of slower economic growth in China. Several policy shocks are also examined. They include the entry of China (and hence Taiwan) into the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the failure to fully abolish the bilateral quotas on textiles and clothing trade as promised under the Uruguay Round. A slow-down in farm productivity growth could be very costly to the world economy, as could slower economic growth in China. Failure to honour Uruguay Round obligations to open textile and clothing markets in OECD countries is shown to reduce East Asia's industrialization and thereby slow its net imports of food. On the other hand, the trade reform that is likely to accompany China's WTO membership would greatly benefit the economies of China and the world. It would boost exports of manufactures and strengthen food import demand, not only by China, but also its densely populated neighbours with whom its intra- and inter-industry trade in manufactures would intensify.

Heidegger's Hidden Sources: East-Asian Influences on his Work

Abstract: Translator's Preface. Abbreviations. Introduction. 1. Indications 2. The 'Conversation' 3. Nothing, Emptiness and the Clearing 4. Dao: Way and Saying 5. A Kind of Confession 6. Conclusions 7. Translation of Tezuko Tomio, 'An Hour with Heidegger' Translator's Notes Glossary of Chinese and Japanese Characters Bibliography Graham Parkes, Complementary Essay: Rising Sun over Black Forest: Heidegger's Japanese Connections Endnotes Index

Growth in East Asia : what we can and what we cannot infer

Abstract: This paper examines the different arguments raised by the studies that addressed the East Asian growth experience. The original arguments presented in this paper are all on the negative side, highlighting problems associated with some of the possible explanations for the East Asian miracle. The paper concentrates mainly on four dimensions of the debate about the East Asian growth experience: (i) The nature of economic growth intensive or extensive?; (ii) The role of public policy and of selective interventions; (iii) The role of high investment rates and a strong export orientation as possible engines of growth; and (iv) The importance of the initial conditions and their relevance for policy.

Current Account Sustainability; Selected East Asian and Latin American Experiences

Abstract: A number of developing countries have run large and persistent current account deficits in both the late-1970s/early-1980s and in the early-1990s, raising the issue of whether these persistent imbalances are sustainable. This paper puts forward a notion of current account sustainability and compares the experience of three Latin American countries – Chile, Colombia and Mexico – and three East Asian countries – Korea, Malaysia and Thailand. It identifies a number of potential sustainability indicators and discusses their usefulness in predicting external crises.

The Russian Far East: A History

Abstract: Introduction Part I. Northeast Asian Ecumene: 1. Geography and prehistory 2. The Chinese Millennium 3. Russian entree 4. Amur setback 5. Pacific window 6. Return to the Amur Part II. The Russian Far East: 7. Toward a Far Eastern viceroyalty 8. Patte rns of settlement 8. East Asian communities 10. International emporium 11. Stirrings of a regional consciousness 12. Rumblings 13. Revolution 14. Civil war 15. Intervention 16. The Far Eastern republic Part III. The Soviet Far East: 17. Anomalous enclave 18. The Far Eastern cohort 19. Red-bannered satraps 20. Building socialism on the Pacific 21. Center vs. periphery 22. 'Cleansing' Dalkrai 23. Kolyma 24. War without a front 25. A front without war 26. Khrushchevian interlude 27. The era of stagnation 28. Frontier ethos Conclusion Appendixes.

Asia's orthographic dilemma

Abstract: This work examines the use of Chinese characters in East Asia. It tackles the issue from many different perspectives, along the way deflating several popular fallacies.