Showing papers on "Electromagnetic compatibility published in 2022"
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05 Apr 2022
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the Phasor Solution Method for calculating per-unit-length parameters and Crosstalk of multiconductor transmission lines for EMC systems.
Abstract: Preface. 1. Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC). 2. EMC Requirements for Electronic Systems. 3. Signal Spectra-The Relationship Between theTime Domain and the Frequency Domain. 4. Transmission Lines and Signal Integrity. 5. Nonideal Behavior of Components. 6. Conducted Emissions and Susceptibility. 7. Antennas. 8. Radiated Emissions and Susceptibility. 9. Crosstalk. 10. Shielding. 11. System Design for EMC. Appendix A: The Phasor Solution Method. Appendix B: The Electromagnetic Field Equations and Waves. Appendix C: Computer Codes for Calculating the Per-Unit-Length Parameters and Crosstalk of Multiconductor Transmission Lines. Appendix D: Spice (PSPICE) Tutorial. Index.
2,064 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , three possible directions to break through the above bottlenecks are proposed, including construction of efficient conductive networks, optimization of multi-interfaces for lightweight and multifunction compatibility design.
Abstract: The rapid development of aerospace weapons and equipment, wireless base stations and 5G communication technologies has put forward newer and higher requirements for the comprehensive performances of polymer-based electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding composites. However, most of currently prepared polymer-based EMI shielding composites are still difficult to combine high performance and multi-functionality. In response to this, based on the research works of relevant researchers as well as our research group, three possible directions to break through the above bottlenecks are proposed, including construction of efficient conductive networks, optimization of multi-interfaces for lightweight and multifunction compatibility design. The future development trends in three directions are prospected, and it is hoped to provide certain theoretical basis and technical guidance for the preparation, research and development of polymer-based EMI shielding composites.
112 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a review of flexible electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding for electronic devices is presented, where the development of corresponding EMI shielding materials against detrimental electromagnetic radiation plays an essential role.
Abstract: With rapid development of 5G communication technologies, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding for electronic devices has become an urgent demand in recent years, where the development of corresponding EMI shielding materials against detrimental electromagnetic radiation plays an essential role. Meanwhile, the EMI shielding materials with high flexibility and functional integrity are highly demanded for emerging shielding applications. Hitherto, a variety of flexible EMI shielding materials with lightweight and multifunctionalities have been developed. In this review, we not only introduce the recent development of flexible EMI shielding materials, but also elaborate the EMI shielding mechanisms and the index for "green EMI shielding" performance. In addition, the construction strategies for sophisticated multifunctionalities of flexible shielding materials are summarized. Finally, we propose several possible research directions for flexible EMI shielding materials in near future, which could be inspirational to the fast-growing next-generation flexible electronic devices with reliable and multipurpose protections as offered by EMI shielding materials.
86 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a review of flexible electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding for electronic devices is presented, where the development of corresponding EMI shielding materials against detrimental electromagnetic radiation plays an essential role.
Abstract: With rapid development of 5G communication technologies, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding for electronic devices has become an urgent demand in recent years, where the development of corresponding EMI shielding materials against detrimental electromagnetic radiation plays an essential role. Meanwhile, the EMI shielding materials with high flexibility and functional integrity are highly demanded for emerging shielding applications. Hitherto, a variety of flexible EMI shielding materials with lightweight and multifunctionalities have been developed. In this review, we not only introduce the recent development of flexible EMI shielding materials, but also elaborate the EMI shielding mechanisms and the index for "green EMI shielding" performance. In addition, the construction strategies for sophisticated multifunctionalities of flexible shielding materials are summarized. Finally, we propose several possible research directions for flexible EMI shielding materials in near future, which could be inspirational to the fast-growing next-generation flexible electronic devices with reliable and multipurpose protections as offered by EMI shielding materials.
73 citations
TL;DR: A volume reduction method of CM inductors with chaotic PWM (CPWM) is proposed, and the volume of CM EMI filters are reduced by 63.5% and 48.3%, respectively, by using the proposed compact EMI filter.
Abstract: Passive electromagnetic interference filters (PEFs) are the most common way to solve electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems in power converters. However, PEFs bring additional volume, weight, and cost for power converters, especially common-mode (CM) inductors in PEFs, and it is a tricky issue for the high-power-density converters that must meet the electromagnetic compatibility specification. In order to design compact PEFs for power converters with pulsewidth modulation (PWM), a volume reduction method of CM inductors with chaotic PWM (CPWM) is proposed in this article. First, the mechanism that CPWM reduces the CM inductance by increasing the corner frequency is analyzed. Second, the relationship between the reduction of EMI spectrum magnitude by CPWM and the decrease of the CM inductance is quantitatively calculated. Third, utilization rate of the magnetic core η is defined to reasonably compare the size of the different inductors under traditional PWM and CPWM. Finally, the proposed design method of CM EMI filters is applied into a dc–dc converter and a dc–ac inverter, respectively, to verify its effectiveness and feasibility. In a dc–dc converter with the switching frequency 100 kHz, 275 W, the volume of the CM inductor and the volume of CM EMI filters are reduced by 63.5% and 48.3%, respectively, by using the proposed compact EMI filter.
27 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a generalized radiated EMI model for power electronics converters with power cables is presented, which is then developed for a flyback power converter with critical ground impedance included.
Abstract: Recently, radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI) has become a research hotspot in power electronics systems, as the switching frequencies of power electronics systems have increased significantly with the adoption of wide-bandgap devices. In this article, a generalized radiated EMI model for power electronics converters with power cables is first reviewed. The radiated EMI model is then developed for a flyback power converter with critical ground impedance included. Based on the developed model, accurate high-frequency parameter extraction techniques and a radiated EMI prediction technique are developed and experimentally validated. Finally, essential measurement techniques are identified and developed to accurately extract parameters for accurate EMI prediction. The effects of the resolution bandwidth of the spectrum analyzer and critical PCB ground impedance on the radiated EMI are experimentally validated. PCB's impact on the common-mode (CM) choke's impedance and the radiated EMI is further validated. Techniques for minimizing the undesired near-field couplings in parameter extraction are discussed. The predicted EMI properly agreed with the measured EMI in the range of 30–230 MHz based on the EN55032 3 m class B standard.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the main challenges and prospects for future studies of composite EMI shielding materials based on careful consideration are presented. And the application prospects of adjustable composite and self-healing EMI materials are discussed.
Abstract: The rapid development of electronic equipment and communication system has led to the generation of large-scale electromagnetic pollution. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials can effectively reduce the harm caused by EMI. However, electromagnetic shielding materials with universal functions cannot effectively exert their electromagnetic interference shielding performance in all fields. EMI shielding materials used in different fields must have specific functionality in their usage conditions. This paper, reviews the functional requirements, fabrication methods, and comprehensive properties of EMI shielding materials in aerospace, electronics, and wearable fields. Composite EMI shielding materials through structural design and raw material selection to obtain excellent functionality and efficient EMI shielding effectiveness. In addition, this paper presents the application prospects of adjustable composite EMI shielding and self-healing EMI shielding materials. We present the main challenges and prospects for future studies of composite EMI shielding materials based on careful consideration.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a review on modeling and suppression techniques for the EMI generated by power converters and discusses future prospects in this field is presented, as well as future applications of such techniques in smart grids and microgrids.
Abstract: The switching frequency of power converters is continuing to increase with the demand for their increased power density. Therefore, the frequency band of the electromagnetic interference (EMI) generated by power converters ranges from several kilohertz to 100MHz or more, thereby increasing the importance of EMI countermeasures in power converters. In addition, with the practical applications of smart grids and microgrids and the introduction of 5G technology, cases wherein power converters and information communication devices are placed in close proximity are continuing to increase. Thus, in societies wherein power converters and information communication devices are highly integrated, it is necessary to ensure electromagnetic compatibility based on a different concept. This paper presents a review on modeling and suppression techniques for the EMI generated by power converters and discusses future prospects in this field.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the origins of electromagnetic disturbances created by a series chopper are determined by using simulation and experimental measurements, in order to optimise the EMC aspects from the design phase.
Abstract: Electrical energy performs increasingly diverse functions through the widespread use of static converters. These converters are based on the use of semiconductor switching components that generate rapid voltage (dV/dt) and/or current (dI/dt) variations. This can result in electromagnetic disturbances that must be minimised in order to respect electromagnetic compatibility standards. Compliance with standards is often achieved by adding a heavy and bulky filter to the system. In order to optimise the EMC aspects, it is interesting to take into account the EMC constraint from the design phase, in order to do so, a predictive study of these disturbances must be available. In this work, the origins of electromagnetic disturbances created by a series chopper are presented. Electromagnetic interference in this DC/DC converter is determined by using simulation and experimental measurements.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors present a method for assessing the impact of radiated electromagnetic interference generated by a selected rail traction unit on the operational process of trackside video monitoring systems (VMS).
Abstract: The article presents a method for assessing the impact of radiated electromagnetic interference generated by a selected rail traction unit on the operational process of trackside video monitoring systems (VMS). VMSs operated throughout an extensive railway area are responsible for the safety of people and property transport processes. Emissions of radiated electromagnetic interference generated in an unintended manner by traction vehicles within a railway line lead to interference in the VMS operating process. Based on the knowledge of actual VMS operating process data, spectral characteristics and values of individual components of disturbing signals occurring in the emissions of radiated electromagnetic interference, it is possible to determine the parameters of damage intensities for the devices and elements of this system. Using that data enables determining the VMS reliability parameters within its operating system, for an extensive railway area. The article’s authors first discussed the basic issues associated with VMS, followed by analysing the topic’s current status. They also presented issues related to measuring interference radiated within a rail area, developed a selected operational process model, and determined selected operational indicators for the structures in question. The paper ends with conclusions.
6 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the second-order intermodulation (SILB) interference was investigated and two key parameters were identified: the SILB interference factor and the relative value of the low-frequency interference level.
Abstract: To identify and improve the electromagnetic compatibility of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver under a complex electromagnetic environment, the blocking effects of single-frequency and out-of-band dual-frequency electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on a GNSS receiver were experimentally analyzed. This study is the first to investigate second-order intermodulation second-order intermodulation low-frequency blocking (SILB) interference which was newly discovered in our tests. The mechanism of the SILB effect was analyzed, and two key parameters were identified. The SILB interference factor and the relative value of the low-frequency interference level were introduced to establish a model predicting SILB effects. The method of determining the parameters, the modeling process, and the results are discussed in this article on the basis of both theoretical derivations and experimental measurements. A GNSS receiver was used as the equipment under test to verify the model. Notably, the results demonstrated that the threshold for SILB was approximately 30 dB lower than that for out-of-band single-frequency interference. The model proposed in this article accurately evaluated and predicted the SILB interference.
TL;DR: In this article , an integrated electromagnetic compatible cable harnessing model consisting sub-models accounting for disciplinary concerns of engine system performance, cable materials, cable structures, EM interferences, electric loadings, control robustness, etc.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors proposed a light-QP detector that processes root mean square (rms) values of spectral components, calculated by adapting the IEC 61000-4-7 standard to the CISPR Band A (9-150 kHz).
Abstract: This study proposes a novel measurement method to assess the disturbances in the electrical grid for the CISPR Band A (9–150 kHz), as no normative grid measurement method for these frequencies exists yet. Compatibility levels (CL) in IEC 61000-2-2 in this frequency range are defined based on the CISPR 16-1-1 method using the quasi-peak (QP) detector. However, this method is not directly applicable for grid measurements as it was originally designed for laboratory conditions and for measuring radio disturbances and immunity. The method proposed in this article (Light-QP method) overcomes these limitations, along with lower complexity, computational burden, and memory requirements than CISPR 16-1-1. The Light-QP method uses a digital QP detector that processes root mean square (rms) values of spectral components, calculated by adapting the IEC 61000-4-7 standard to the CISPR Band A. The proposed Light-QP method is applied to real measurements from a low-voltage (LV) distribution grid and compared to the QP outputs from a digital implementation of the CISPR 16-1-1 method. The results are comparable and can be used for assessment against CL. The Light-QP method has been presented to IEC SC77A/WG9 for its potential inclusion as a normative measurement method in a new version of the IEC 61000-4-30 standard.
TL;DR: In this paper , a method of compensating the equivalent current sources of a macromodel by introducing amplitude and time correction factors, taking into account the voltage fluctuations in an on-chip power distribution network (PDN), was proposed.
Abstract: Electro-magnetic compatibility (EMC) macromodels of a large-scale integrated (LSI) circuit core have been proposed to predict conducted RF emission and power integrity issues not only on a printed circuit board but also inside an LSI. They are equivalent circuit models that consist of lumped element impedance blocks of an LSI-core and equivalent current sources expressing internal switching activities. In conventional macromodeling, equivalent current sources have been extracted under ideal power supply conditions, i.e., with constant supply voltage. However, there exists transient supply voltage fluctuations in an actual on-chip power distribution network (PDN), and the operating current and its equivalent current sources are expected to vary with such fluctuations. Such issues with transient supply voltage fluctuations have not been extensively investigated. We propose a method of compensating the equivalent current sources of a macromodel by introducing amplitude and time correction factors, taking into account the voltage fluctuations in an on-chip PDN.
TL;DR: Electromagnetic disturbances in sensing and stimulation instruments joint to the human body as well as devices used in medical interventions, including wireless telecommunications tools and inductive charging systems are surveyed.
Abstract: The use of electromagnetic systems in daily life is on the rise. The immediate environment, of these electromagnetic energy devices, is exposed to their emitted fields. Environmental disturbances from such exposure could be severe in many ways; one of the most important is health. This could be directly related to the human body or to healthcare sensing and interventional devices. The review of the biological effects and disturbances of medical instruments due to electromagnetic field exposure is the subject of this article. The analysis of the different types of exposure as well as their control to meet safety requirements are investigated involving energy devices covering wide ranges of power and frequency. Thus, biological effects of both wireless telecommunications tools and inductive charging systems are reviewed. Next, we survey electromagnetic disturbances in sensing and stimulation instruments joint to the human body as well as devices used in medical interventions. Means of evaluating and controlling the effects of electromagnetic fields, through electromagnetic compatibility analysis, experimentally and by numerical modeling are conferred and assessed.
TL;DR: In this article , the influence of several parameters affecting the radiated emissions from multiple arbitrary electronic devices, including the number of disturbance sources, the polarization of each device, the radiation pattern, the location and orientation of each devices, and the phase shifts between devices, are analyzed.
Abstract: In this paper, the impact of an increasing number of arbitrary electrical/electronic devices on the overall radiated emissions is investigated. Understanding and quantifying such an impact are prerequisites to the proper evaluation of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of various electronic systems and devices and, if needed, to revisiting the international standards. To evaluate the radiated emissions from multiple electronic devices, each arbitrary electronic device is characterized using an equivalent Huygens’s surface, in which the tangential components of electric and magnetic near fields are calculated (or measured). The radiated emission from the arbitrary electronic device can be calculated using the electric and magnetic near fields for an arbitrary phase (correlated or uncorrelated), position, and orientation. The influence of several parameters affecting the radiated emissions from multiple arbitrary electronic devices, including the number of disturbance sources, the polarization of each device, the radiation pattern of each device, the location and orientation of each device, and the phase shifts between devices, are analyzed. The numerical results show that the mentioned parameters have a significant effect on the radiated emissions, and cannot be neglected in EMC considerations. In general, increasing the number of electronic devices leads to an increase in the level of radiated emissions. However, the increase depends on other parameters such as the arrangement (the radiation pattern for each device, the distance between the devices, and the orientation and/or polarization of each device). The proposed method can be straightforwardly applied to devices characterized by near-field measurements or multimodular large equipment with long cables.
16 May 2022
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors considered the types of interference in the power supply network of electronic means and proposed methods for increasing the noise immunity of electronic devices under the influence of interference through power supply.
Abstract: A frequent cause of violation of the noise immunity of modern electronic means are microsecond, nanosecond impulse interferences on the power supply network or dynamic voltage changes. These tasks are especially relevant for the elements of control systems of energy facilities. The paper considers the types of interference in the power supply network of electronic means. An analysis of the propagation of impulse noise has been carried out. Models have been developed and an analysis of the functioning of digital elements under the influence of interference through the power supply port has been carried out. The typical areas of functioning of electronic means are singled out depending on the amplitude and duration of interference in the power supply network. Methods for increasing the noise immunity of electronic means under the influence of interference through the power supply are considered.
TL;DR: In this paper , a procedure for the derivation of a black-box model of electromagnetic interference (EMI) filters is proposed and discussed, where the equivalent circuit of the filter is directly obtained from a rational approximation of the scattering-parameter matrix measured at the filter ports.
Abstract: A procedure for the derivation of a black-box model of electromagnetic interference (EMI) filters is proposed and discussed. The modeling approach is assessed by resorting to a real EMI filter. The equivalent circuit of the filter is directly obtained from a rational approximation of the scattering-parameter matrix measured at the filter ports. Therefore, the modeling procedure does not require any information on the internal structure of the filter (e.g., components, electrical/magnetic properties of the involved materials, connections leads, etc.). The circuit model is compatible with SPICE solvers and can be used for the prediction of conducted emissions in both the frequency and time domain. Specifically, the proposed modeling approach allows time-domain simulation and performance analysis of EMI filters in combination with power-electronic equipment (i.e., nonlinear, time-variant circuits).
TL;DR: In this article , a step-down chopper designed for a photovoltaic application to study its performance of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in conducted mode was modeled and a new proposal of structure and control based on a combination of two techniques, namely pseudo-random modulation and soft switching, thus minimizing the conducted electromagnetic emissions at the source.
Abstract: This paper describes modelling a step-down chopper designed for a photovoltaic application to study its performance of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in conducted mode. The EMC measurements attended at this stage have shown that the buck converter is a harmful device for its electromagnetic environment. Indeed, the fast-switching operation leads to higher levels of conducted and radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI) and subsequently facilitates the electromagnetic coupling with the surrounding environment. In this sense, we present a new proposal of structure and control based on a combination of two techniques, namely pseudo-random modulation and soft switching, thus minimizing the conducted electromagnetic emissions at the source. The usefulness of this new strategy, evaluated through a comparative study, lies in its efficiency compared to the classical PWM method, allowing both to reduce the rise of current and voltage gradients and spread the electromagnetic spectrum over a wide frequency range. The simulation results prove that a significant gain in EMC has been reached.
TL;DR: In this paper , the effects of electromagnetic interference in Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) for electric vehicle charging circuits are elaborated with common mode (CM) emission, and a fabrication model for the front end power supply to the IPT is tested.
Abstract: The effects of Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) in Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) for electric vehicle charging circuits are elaborated with Common Mode (CM) emission. Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) has to be sustained in the circuits such that it is prone to the effects of interferences, noises and disturbances. These issues can be addressed at the initial product development stage, with accurate identification of the parameters that influence the CM emission in the circuit. The analysis of EMI focuses on three features, namely Source of EMI, Coupling path and Receptor. In the IPT model, the primary source of the EMI is the power converter used for high-frequency supply to the inductive coils. The power converter switches and the heat sink with its Printed Circuit Board (PCB) design are predominant in power electronic circuits. This paper facilitates the reduction of EMI without including complex filters. The system is tested for the violated standard SAEJ2954. In addition, the article corroborates precognitive modeling by implementing compensation networks used in IPT applications and their effectiveness in reducing the leakage current caused by the converters and the coils. The paper insights the air gap variation of the coil with the power transfer efficiency and its influence on electromagnetic interferences. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis used in PSIM shows leakage current and harmonic reduction with the compensation network and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique. The fabrication model for the front end power supply to the IPT is tested. The electrical noise emission is estimated using predictive modeling.
TL;DR: In this paper , a genetic algorithm is used to optimize the losses that come from the material surface for the control of electromagnetic radiations, and a computer code based on a GA is developed to optimize losses.
Abstract: The growth in the application of electronic devices across a broad spectrum of military, industrial, commercial and consumer sectors has created a new form of pollution known as noise or radio frequency interference or electromagnetic radiation or electromagnetic interference that can cause interference or malfunctioning of equipment. Therefore, there is a greater need for the effective shielding of components from its adverse effects. This review surveys the shielding materials like metals, for the control of electromagnetic radiations. These materials should exhibit effective shielding performance as well as other appropriate physical properties. To meet this challenge, in this article, a computer code based on a genetic algorithm is developed to optimize losses that come from the material surface.
TL;DR: In this article , an online controller is proposed to control the conductance seen by the inverter by only modifying the switching frequency throughout the bus period, which greatly reduces the harmonic distortion of the grid current no matter what is the type of the vessel used.
Abstract: The design requirements of induction hobs are strongly restricted by efficiency, heating performance, cost, the generation of acoustic noise, and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). These two latter topics, cost and EMC, motivated the research presented in this article. The different levels at which the equivalent load of the induction hob is excited generate a variation of the equivalent impedance throughout the grid period even if all the other parameters are kept constant. This can cause a nonsinusoidal consumption of the grid current which goes against the compliance with EMC standards. This article proposes an online controller which controls the conductance seen by the inverter by only modifying the switching frequency throughout the bus period. This greatly reduces the harmonic distortion of the grid current, no matter what is the type of the vessel used. Moreover, it requires neither power-factor correction rectifiers nor any additional circuitry and it has a faster dynamic response with respect to the traditional solutions used in induction hobs due to its higher bandwidth.
TL;DR: In this article , different black-box modeling techniques for power converters are introduced and systematically analyzed, and three different modeling approaches are compared in terms of accuracy and the required experimental setup.
Abstract: The development of renewable energy systems interfaced with the grid by power electronic converters leads to increasing issues of electromagnetic coexistence between power and communication lines, as well as severe power quality issues, such as total harmonic distortion at the consumer side. Therefore, high-frequency modeling of renewable energy systems is of great importance to guide the design and development of distribution networks involving renewable sources. Owing to system complexity, black-box modeling approaches offer more advantages than traditional circuit modeling, as far as electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) analysis and filter design are the targets. In this study, different black-box modeling techniques for power converters are introduced and systematically analyzed. First, the general theory of black-box modeling is explained. Subsequently, three different modeling approaches are compared in terms of accuracy and the required experimental setup. Finally, the possible limitations of black-box modeling of power converters are investigated and discussed.
TL;DR: In this article , the electromagnetic compatibility analysis of an inverting buck/boost converter is presented, where one inductor terminal is connected to the ground and not to the input or output of the converter, and two electromagnetic interference EMI-relevant resonances are observed depending on the state of the switch.
Abstract: This paper describes the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) analysis of an inverting buck/boost converter. The inverting buck/boost converter differs from other DC/DC converters, such as the noninverting boost or buck converters, in that one inductor terminal is connected to the ground and not to the input or output of the converter, i.e., neither input nor output is isolated from an EMC perspective. A SPICE model was developed for analyzing the EMC properties of the circuit. Two electromagnetic interference EMI-relevant resonances were observed depending on the state of the switch. Simulations are confirmed with measurements using a circuit designed from discrete components. Further, integrated commercially available converters were analyzed and showed EMC properties that were similar to those of the general model.
21 Jan 2022
TL;DR: In this article , the authors give an overview of the various international standards governing EV charging and present the design requirements in the EV charger in various aspects like electrical performance, insulation, electromagnetic compatibility, connector, communication and protection requirements as per AIS-138.
Abstract: Wide spread deployment of safe, reliable and cost-effective charging infrastructure is necessary for the faster penetration of EVs. Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) shall be designed to meet the standards to ensure interoperability, safe & reliable operation and functional requirements. The paper gives an overview of the various international standards governing EV charging. India, as part of the E-Mobility mission implementation, has developed Automotive Industry Standard-138 (AIS-138) as the standard for conductive charging of EVs. EVSE is a system comprising of power converters, control electronics and communication interfaces. The paper details about the design requirements in the EV charger in various aspects like electrical performance, insulation, electromagnetic compatibility, connector, communication and protection requirements as per AIS-138.
29 May 2022
TL;DR: In this article , a method to identify the equipment emitting supraharmonic emission and possible disturbances caused by it is presented, and a comparison of measurements is made with the compatibility levels given by standard IEC 61000-2-2.
Abstract: The reliability of the electrical and cooling systems is of utmost importance for the uninterrupted operation of the data center information technology (IT) load. The electrical distribution of the data center includes many subsystems starting with the utility and building transformers, uninterruptible power supply (UPS), power distribution units (PDUs), and power supplies ultimately powering the fans and the internal components of IT equipment. The various converters in data centers emit switching frequency residue due to PWM (pulse width modulation) techniques. The switching frequency range falls within the supraharmonic range, i.e., 2 to 150 kHz. This paper aims to show, with measurements, the different types of supraharmonic emissions measured in the data center, and the difference between their maximum and average magnitudes. The paper shows a method to identify the equipment emitting supraharmonic emission and possible disturbances caused by it. The paper traces the propagation of supraharmonic emission from the source through the transformer to the grid. Lastly, a comparison of measurements is made with the compatibility levels given by standard IEC 61000-2-2.
TL;DR: In this article , the influence of the LISNs mismatch on the separation of the common mode and differential mode is investigated and a fast and accurate method to do that is proposed, which is not realistic.
Abstract: The design of the power supply electromagnetic interference filter needed to mitigate the conducted emission of electronic modules can be performed best if the magnitude of the common mode (CM) and that of the differential mode (DM) interference are known. In common test setups, the two terms can be obtained from the signals measured at the line impedance stabilization networks (LISNs) output ports using DM and CM rejection networks or through the postprocessing of the output signals in the time domain. Both these approaches rely on the perfect matching of the LISNs internal filters, which is not realistic. Indeed, the LISNs mismatch allow the DM to be measured as CM and vice versa. In this work, the influence of the LISNs mismatch on the separation of CM and DM is investigated and a fast and accurate method to do that is proposed.
25 Jan 2022
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors put forward 5G base stations within the substation siting electromagnetic disturbance factors to consider and analysis method, is an object with a 500 kV substation expounds the analysis process, and discusses the main influencing factors, the location of the suppression method and suggestion, it provides reference for improving electromagnetic compatibility of secondary equipment and 5G communication equipment in substation and deployment of 5G communications equipment in substation.
Abstract: With the 5G communication network in the power grid construction and application of rapid development, especially the popularity of substation applications within 5G, a growing number of 5G base stations need to build within the substation, 5G Base Stations within the communication equipment within the substation under complicated environment by the electromagnetic disturbance intensity, the protection method and immunity limits has become an important problem need to cognitive and address. Substation electromagnetic protection areas for relay protection, stability control, electric power automation equipment to carry out a large amount of research, but 5G communications equipment as a new system, especially the base station in order to achieve better communication must possess two basic characteristics of the intensified the complexity of electromagnetic compatibility, first of all, the existence of antenna under complex electromagnetic environment, when receiving and receiving signals, it also becomes a sensitive port for induction of external electromagnetic interference. Second, for the omnidirectional communication capability expected by the 5G base station placed in the substation, it is necessary to find an appropriate installation position in the central area of the station, which is mostly an area with strong electromagnetic field. To cognitive substation in complex electromagnetic environment on the influence of 5G Base Stations, for selection of 5G Base Stations and electromagnetic disturbance protection for reference, this paper puts forward 5 g base stations within the substation siting electromagnetic disturbance factors to consider and analysis method, is an object with a 500 kV substation expounds the analysis process, and discusses the main influencing factors, the location of the suppression method and suggestion, it provides reference for improving electromagnetic compatibility of secondary equipment and 5G communication equipment in substation and deployment of 5G communication equipment in substation.
TL;DR: Based on the conducted electromagnetic interference theory of electric vehicle electric drive system, a kind of electromagnetic interference transmission path is proposed, and its closed-loop simulation is carried out in this paper , where the authors show that the key point that has great influence on the radiation emission of the EV drive system is whether there is a torque, essentially whether the motor controller has power output.
Abstract: With the rapid development of new energy vehicles, electromagnetic compatibility of new energy vehicles has been widely concerned. Therefore, based on the conducted electromagnetic interference theory of electric vehicle electric drive system, a kind of electromagnetic interference transmission path is proposed, and its closed-loop simulation is carried out. The results show that the key point that has great influence on the radiation emission of the electric drive system is whether there is a torque, essentially whether the motor controller has power output, and it has little relation with the motor speed and bus voltage. In addition to the influence of whether or not the torque has on radiation emission, the torque size is further compared, set 50 Nm, 100 Nm, and 200 Nm, respectively, for comparison, and it is found that the increase of torque has no obvious influence on radiation emission. Therefore, during the test, the appropriate torque can be selected according to the actual situation, rather than the maximum torque that the component can work.
TL;DR: In this article , a planar pulse transformers for gate drivers in high power applications (3.3 kV, 500 A SiC module) were designed and a standard procedure to design, then, simulate transformers with their electrostatic shielding.
Abstract: Wide-bandgap (WBG) semiconductor materials offer faster and more reliable power electronic components in electric energy conversion systems. However, their faster switching speed and abilities to operate at higher frequency than silicium devices have brought new challenges, such as electromagnetic interference (EMI) issues. In gate driver applications, EMI issues must be tackled given the close proximity between gate driver systems and WBG power modules. This article focuses on planar pulse transformers for gate drivers in high power applications (3.3 kV, 500 A SiC module). This article tries to give a standard procedure to design, then, simulate pulse transformers with their electrostatic shielding. First, a design guideline using Altium designer is proposed to respect the European standards. A method to extract the transformer design from Altium to Ansys is also proposed. Finally, a frequency analysis is discussed to use in Ansys simulations and parameters extraction. Tests have been performed to check the proposed transformer’s electromagnetic compatibility immunity under a 125 kV μs−1 common mode transient immunity test.