Showing papers on "Excoecaria agallocha published in 2017"

The impact of climate change and aquatic salinization on mangrove species in the Bangladesh Sundarbans.

Abstract: This paper investigates the possible impacts of climate change on aquatic salinity and mangrove species in the Bangladesh Sundarbans. The impact analysis combines the salinity tolerance ranges of predominant mangrove species with aquatic salinity measures in 27 scenarios of climate change by 2050. The estimates indicate significant overall losses for Heritiera fomes; substantial gains for Excoecaria agallocha; modest changes for Avicennia alba, A. marina, A. officinalis, Ceriops decandra, and Sonneratia apetala; and mixed results for species combinations. Changes in mangrove stocks are likely to change the prospects for forest-based livelihoods. The implications for neighboring communities are assessed by computing changes in high-value mangrove species for the five sub-districts in the Sundarbans. The results of the impact analysis indicate highly varied patterns of gain and loss across the five sub-districts. Overall, however, the results suggest that salinity-induced mangrove migration will have a strongly regressive impact on the value of timber stocks because of the loss of highest value timber species, Heritiera fomes. In addition, the augmented potential for honey production will likely increase conflicts between humans and wildlife in the region.

EARE-1, a Transcriptionally Active Ty1/Copia-Like Retrotransposon Has Colonized the Genome of Excoecaria agallocha through Horizontal Transfer.

Abstract: Long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons constitute the majority of the content of angiosperm genomes, but their evolutionary dynamics remain poorly understood. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a putative full-length (~9550 bp) Ty1/copia-like retrotransposon in Excoecaria agallocha and its evolution in Euphorbiaceae. The so-called EARE-1 is phylogenetically closely related to RIRE-1 from O. australiensis, and has proliferated recently (~7.19 Mya) in the E. agallocha genome. An RT-PCR analysis revealed substantial transcription of EARE-1 in all examined organs (leaves, staminate flowers, pistillate flowers, seeds, and roots) in unstressed E. agallocha plants and indications of elevated expression under stress. We conducted sequence analyses of 256 RT-RH fragments (~860 bp) of EARE-1 from 34 species representing four subfamilies of Euphorbiaceae that exist in China. EARE-1 copies from two Excoecaria species and Phyllanthus urinaria showed incongruent phylogeny with the host species and exhibited high sequence similarity to the host genes, suggesting a horizontal transfer from P. urinaria to the common ancestor of Excoecaria. However, SSAP analysis detected no new insertions of EARE-1 among full-sibling progeny plants of E. agallocha, despite considerable SSAP polymorphisms among half-siblings. EARE-1 is the first transcriptionally active Ty1/copia-like retrotransposon isolated from E. agallocha. Our results provide empirical evidence of the horizontal transfer of LTR retrotransposons in plants, and may suggest a significant role of post-transcriptional host control in the life cycles of transposable elements.

Climate Variability and Mangrove Cover Dynamics at Species Level in the Sundarbans, Bangladesh

Abstract: Mangrove ecosystems are complex in nature. For monitoring the impact of climate variability in this ecosystem, a multidisciplinary approach is a prerequisite. Changes in temperature and rainfall pattern have been suggested as an influential factor responsible for the change in mangrove species composition and spatial distribution. The main aim of this study was to assess the relationship between temperature, rainfall pattern and dynamics of mangrove species in the Sundarbans, Bangladesh, over a 38 year time period from 1977 to 2015. To assess the relationship, a three stage analytical process was employed. Primarily, the trend of temperature and rainfall over the study period were identified using a linear trend model; then, the supervised maximum likelihood classifier technique was employed to classify images recorded by Landsat series and post-classification comparison techniques were used to detect changes at species level. The rate of change of different mangrove species was also estimated in the second stage. Finally, the relationship between temperature, rainfall and the dynamics of mangroves at species level was determined using a simple linear regression model. The results show a significant statistical relationship between temperature, rainfall and the dynamics of mangrove species. The trends of change for Heritiera fomes and Sonneratia apelatala show a strong relationship with temperature and rainfall, while Ceriops decandra shows a weak relationship. In contrast, Excoecaria agallocha and Xylocarpus mekongensis do not show any significant relationship with temperature and rainfall. On the basis of our results, it can be concluded that temperature and rainfall are important climatic factors influencing the dynamics of three major mangrove species viz. H. fomes, S. apelatala and C. decandra in the Sundarbans.

Environmentally benign antifouling activity and toxic properties of bioactive metabolites from mangrove Excoecaria agallocha L

Abstract: This study was aimed to investigate the antifouling (AF) potentials and toxic properties of methanol extract from leaves of mangrove Excoecaria agallocha. Antimicrofouling activity results inferred that this extract strongly inhibited fouling bacterial and microalgal growth. This extract had also inhibited the settlement of brown mussel Perna indica and larvae of barnacle Balanus amphitrite. Further, EC50 1 together propagated non-toxic nature of the extract. Mollusk foot adherence assay result showed complete inhibition of foot spreading and loss of attachment of common rocky fouler Patella vulgata to the substrata. Field assay results affirmed that this extract effectively deterred settlement of biofoulers. Purification and GC-MS analysis of bioassay-guided active spot evidenced presence of three major compounds (> 85%) responsible for the promising AF activity. The identified lead compounds subjected to an estimation (BIOWIN™) program developed by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) predicts that they are biodegradable in nature. Graphical abstract.

The diversity and regeneration of mangrove on panjang island jepara central java

Abstract: Panjang Island is a small island under the administrative territory Jepara Regency, Central Java Indonesia. Small islands, such as Panjang, have been vulnerable to changes and environmental pressures. Because of their natural resources and fragile nature, the existence of small islands is necessary to be protected and ensured. Mangrove is a vegetation with a function to protect the coastal ecosystem. Its regeneration status will determine the sustainability of the ecosystem. This study aimed to assess mangrove species diversity and mangrove regeneration on Panjang Island. The site research was determined by purposive sampling. Research sites were four stations located in the southern, eastern, northern, and western part of the island. Each station occupied with three plots measuring 20 × 20 meters for tree stage, 5 × 5 m for sapling and 1 × 1 m for the seedling stage. Data was calculated according to important value index (IVI), diversity index (H') and the evenness index E . In Panjang Island, 7 true mangrove and 7 mangrove associated species have been found. The dominant true mangrove was Pemphis acidula, whereas the dominant mangrove associate was Thespesia populnea. The diversity index mangrove species (H') is between 1.28 – 1.82. The mangrove regeneration in Panjang Island did not take place appropriately, as indicated by the number of individual saplings (57 individuals/Ha) < number of individual seedlings (191 individual/Ha) < number of individual trees (274 individuals/Ha). There were two important tree species in Panjang island, Pemphis acidula (Stigi) with Least Concern status according IUCN, and Excoecaria agallocha. Both species require protection. The study recommended a mangrove reforestation with local species in order to obtain the sustainability of coastal ecosystem in Panjang Island. Keywords: Small island; Diversity; Sustainability; Regeneration; Important Value Index (IVI).

Anticancer Activity of Flavone of Excoecaria agallocha in Cytotoxicity Studies Using Hela Cells

Abstract: The boundless tropical variety Excoecaria is known for the generation of dangerous metabolites [1]. It is appropriated on sea-shores and edge mangroves once in a while developed for wind and ocean softens up tropical Africa and east Asia. The leaves and smooth liquid acquired from harmed branches have been utilized as a fish harm in New Caledonia and in Okinawa, the resinous wood including latex, the supposed \"Okinawa-Jinko\", has likewise been utilized as a substitute for the incense of agalwood [2,3]. The bark and wood of this tree have been utilized as a part of conventional solutions for tooting in Thailand [4,5]. Anjaneyulu and Rao [6,7] revealed countless diterpenoids from n-hexane remove and from ethyl acetic acid derivation solubles of CH3OH:CH2Cl2 (1:1) concentrate of the foundations of Indian mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha L. (family: Euphorbiaceae). The piscicidal constituent of the twigs and bark of E. agallocha local to Okinawa has been portrayed as daphnanediterpene ester excoecariatoxin. This diterpene ester and some related mixtures have likewise been gotten from the latex of E. agallocha in Thailand [8-10]. Naturally, in vitro assurance of toxic effects of unknown compounds has been performed by counting viable cells after staining with a vital dye. Different methods used are measurement of radioisotope adding as a measure of DNA synthesis, counting Anticancer Activity of Flavone of Excoecaria agallocha in Cytotoxicity Studies Using Hela Cells

Species Preference in Seedling Predation by the Sesarmid Crab Neosarmatium malabaricum (Henderson, 1893) in a Mangrove Forest in India

Abstract: There are few studies that dealt with species preference in seedling predation by sesarmid crabs in mangrove forests We investigated predation preference of the sesarmid crab Neosarmatium malabaricum to the seedlings of Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia officinalis, Excoecaria agallocha and Rhizophora mucronata in Kunhimangalam mangrove forest in Kerala Enclosure-exclosure experiments showed that the crab preferred seedlings of E agallocha the most and that of R mucronata the least Reason for this preference was the cumulative effect of morphological and chemical factors of these seedlings Morphological factors negatively and chemical factors positively influenced the predation preference Species preference in seedling predation could be inversely proportional to relative abundance and density of saplings Saplings of the most preferred A corniculatum and E agallocha registered low density, and the least preferred R mucronata and A officinalis recorded high density in Kunhimangalam mangrove forest Species preference exhibited by N malabaricum in seedling predation has been reflected in sapling density and composition So, this preference can possibly influence the future forest composition

Distribution of Mangrove Species in the Islands of Jaffna Peninsula, Sri Lanka

Abstract: Mangroves are a group of halophytic, evergreen, woody plants and shrubs that occupy the intertidal zone. The Jaffna peninsula has some of the major mangrove sites in Sri Lanka with large extents of undisturbed mangroves. As a result of the three-decade long armed conflict that prevailed in the entire northern part of the Island, mangrove diversity and distribution has never been evaluated since 1969. The objective of the present study was to identify the mangrove species and their distribution in the Jaffna peninsula. Five locations were selected based on the distribution of mangrove vegetation. These are Mandaitivu (East and West), Sirudivu, Kuruchidivu, Kurikadduwan, and Kaluthaipiddi. Random quadrat method was used to assess the abundance of mangrove species in the area. A total of 21 species of true mangrove plants have been recorded in Sri Lanka and the present study identified seven (07) species in the Jaffna peninsula. These are Bruguiera cylindrica, Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis, Rhizophora mucronata, Excoecaria agallocha, Lumnitzera racemosa, and Ceriops tagal. A mangrove associate, Acanthus ilicifolius was also recorded. Of these, Bruguiera cylindrica is a species with restricted distribution. In the present study it was recorded only from Sirudivu (density 169/km2). Avicennia marina is the dominant species on the Islands and Southern coastal line. The island of Mandaitivu had a high density of this species (293/km2 on East and 1208/km2 on West Mandaitivu). Kuruchidivu also had a higher density (2571/km2) of this species compared to other island areas. Avicennia officinalis was restricted to Sirudivu and Kuruchidivu (density 246/km2 and 100/km2 respectively). Mangroves are one of the most diverse ecosystems and they provide suitable habitats for a large number of migratory bird species and other aquatic species such as fishes, shrimps, crabs, etc. which are important to marine fisheries in Sri Lanka. They are one of the most productive ecosystems on the earth. The mangroves also protect the coasts from the impacts of storms. The study area has large extents of relatively undisturbed mangroves, found mainly on the Eastern side of the Jaffna peninsula along with the lagoon line and the Southern part of the peninsula along the coastal line. Hence the present area has a considerable conservation value. Keywords: True mangroves, Mangrove associates, Distribution, Islands, Jaffna Peninsula

The Biodeversity of Mangrove in Ngantep Coastal, Malang District

Abstract: The purpose of this research are (1) to identify and analyze mangrove vegetation on the Ngantep Coast; (2) Identify associated biota in mangrove vegetation on the Coast Ngantep. The research was conducted in the Coast Ngantep area of Kabupaten Malang in april 2016. The method of measurement mangrove by using the method the combination and line transect plot with line plot 10 x 10 m 2 long, in each line there are subplot with 5x5 m 2 and 2x2 m 2 long. The categories of sample will be discribed were trees, sapling and seedling. The result of thie researh found that the composition and the vegetation level of mangrove forest divided into IVI Sonneratia alba (tree) 128.63%, (sapling) 62.19%; Excoecaria agallocha (sapling) 63.72%; Xylocarpus granatum (sapling) 29.45%; Rhizophora mucronata (seedling) 116.21% and Nypa fruticans (seedling) 83.79%. The number of IVI discribe that Sonneratia alba very strong influence for the stability of ecosystem in mangrove forest in sute research. There were five families that make up the mangrove vegetation: Lythraceae, Rhizophoraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Meliaceae and Arecaceae. Mangrove vegetation on the Ngantep Coast dominated by the mangrove species of Sonneratia alba , with the low ecosystem show not yet stable. Fauna in mangrove vegetation Ngantep Coast become form between two groups of terrestrial and aquatic. Keywords : associated biota, biodiversity, composition, mangrove, structure

Keanekaragaman dan struktur vegetasi mangrove di pantai bama – dermaga lama taman nasional baluran jawa timur

Abstract: This research is about diversity and vegetation structure of mangrove in Bama until Dermaga Lama shores, Baluran National Park, East Java wich is conducted for for three weeks. This research aims to find out of species diversity, distribution patterns species and zoning types of mangrove plants. This is an explorative research, with research object is mangroves, using purpose sampling with terraced strip method. Location in this research divided being two stations, respectively covering an area of 4 ha and 9 ha. Results of this research evidence that Station 1 there were two mayor mangrove ( Rhizophora stylosa and R. apiculata ), three minor mangrove (Xylocarpus granatum, Heritiera littoralis and Excoecaria agallocha) And eight mangrove associates ( Corypha utan, Syzygium polyanthum, Terminalia catappa, Ardisia sp, Desmodium umbellatum, Caesalpinia sp, Clerodendrum sp and Buchanannia arborescens) . Station 2 there were six mayor mangrove ( R. apiculata, B. gymnorrhiza, C. tagal, S. caseolaris and S. alba), four mangrove minor (H. littoralis, E. agallocha, sea spikes and A. speciosum), dan 10 mangrove associates (C. utan, S. polyanthum, T. catappa, B. arborescens, Calophyllum inophyllum, Pongamia pinnata, D. umbellatum, Clerodendrum sp, Scaevola taccada a nd Ardisia sp). Diversity in both stations, category trees, poles and seedlings is moderate (1 0.6). Index of species richness in the category tree, trees, saplings and seedlings at the two stations is low (R <3.5). Distribution pattern at both stations R. apiculata stand for pole category is uniform. R. apiculata stands for tree category at the station two is uniform. The rest all clustered category. Station 1 has three zones namely seaward zone, middle zone and the landward zone. Station 2 has four zones, namely, the seaward zone, middle zone, the landward zone, and transects 1, 2, 4 dam 5, has a zone of S. caseolaris mixed with R. apiculata (overlap). Keywords: Mangrove, distribution patterns and Zoning.

Diversity of Mangrove Species in Kala Oya Estuary in Sri Lanka.

Abstract: Mangroves are unique ecosystem distributed among the tropical areas in the world. The study was carried out in Kala Oya estuary in Puttalam lagoon, to identify and assess the distribution pattern of mangrove diversity. Field survey was carried out to collect primary data. Vegetation sampling was performed for 15 quadrants along the periphery of lagoon and estuary. Sample size was 5m ᵡ 5m quadrants. Water samples were collected at the sample points for salinity measurements. Shannon - Wiener diversity index was calculated for mangrove diversity. IDW interpolation in Arc GIS 10.1 version and MS Excel 2013 version were used to perform mappings and data anlysis.5 mangrove species identified belonging 4 genera and 4 families in the study area. R hizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba, Avicennia marina were enumerated true species and Pemphis acidula were the common mangrove associate species that could be seen in Kala Oya estuary. Spatially highest mangrove diversity could be identified in middle areas of the belt. Low diversity could be identified at the proximity of fresh water. Mangrove diversity has been reduced in Kala Oya estuary as a consequence of natural and human interference on mangroves. Key words: Diversity, Kala Oya estuary, Mangrove, Spatial distribution 1. Introduction Since 18 th century the flora of Sri Lanka has been studied by many profound botanists. A Dutch botanist Paul Hermann made a collection of plants of Sri Lanka and published it as “Flora Zeylanica” in 1747 [1]. Based on the phytogeographic distributional patterns, 15 significant floristic regions have identified by Ashton et al in 1987.The first floristic region is ‘coastal and marine belt’ which is consist of marine, mangroves, salt marsh, sand dunes and strand vegetation characteristics. The current extent of mangroves in Sri Lanka is around 4000ha -10000ha [2]. Approximately 23 true mangrove species have been identified in Sri Lanka [3]. In Sri Lanka mangroves can be categorized into four groups as very common species, common species, rare species and very rare species. Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis, Excoecaria agallocha and Lumnitzera racemose can be identified as very common species. Common species are Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophra apiculate, Bruguiera gymnrrhiza and Sonneratia caseolaris . Bruguiera cylindrica, Exoecaria indica and Sonneratia alba are among rare species while Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, Pemphis acidula and Cynometra iripa can be identified as very rare species [4].

Bioassay of vector Larvaes with Latex of blind eye Mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha Linn

Abstract: The present work deals with the studies of latex of mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha to evaluate the larvicidal efficacy against three mosquito species i.e. Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito and one housefly species Musca domestica. The latex of the Excoecaria agallocha was collected from the Mithbav creek and larvicidal tests were performed in National Malaria Institute, Champal, Panji, and Goa. The tests were performed by WHO standard method-15. Total of nine aqueous concentrations in the range of 1.17 to 300 ppm of the plant latex were tested against the third stage larvae of Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. In trial experiment Aedes aegypti indicated resistance to the doses of latex solution two higher doses were introduced and the range of 4.69 to 1200 ppm were used for the treatment Aedes aegypti larvae. Mortality rate was observed and recorded after 24 hrs. The third instar larvae of Musca domestica was treated with the higher latex concentrations in the ranging from 2000 to 20000 ppm along with control. For Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles stephensi the highest mortality observed was 100 % in 300 ppm latex concentration. In case of Aedes aegypti 1200 ppm latex concentration showed 100% mortality. For Musca domestica larvae, the highest 100 % mortality was recorded in 18000 ppm and above concentration. Our analysis revealed that the latex of the plant potent enough to induce 100% mortality in all studied mosquito larvae and house fly. The latex of Excoecaria agallocha possesses promising larvicidal activities against the studied mosquito species of malaria, dengue and filarial. Further photochemical analysis of the latex with respect to its active components will add a high value to these findings.

Komposisi dan struktur vegetasi penyusun zonasi hutan mangrove tanjung prapat muda-tanjung bakau kabupaten kubu raya

Abstract: Tanjung Prapat Muda-Tanjung Bakau (TPM-TB) mangrove forest in Kubu Raya Regency is a mangrove forest that has been designated as a protected area. TPM-TB mangrove forest area has very high potential diversity of flora and fauna. The analysis of mangrove forest vegetation Tanjung Prapat Muda-Tanjung Bakau (TPM-TB) Kubu Raya Regency aims to determine the composition and structure of vegetation in the TPM-TB mangrove forest. This research used a combined methods of transec and plot line. The results showed that the composition and vegetation structure of the TPM-TB mangrove forest consisted of 10 species from 4 families, namely, Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, Brugueirra parviflora, B. cylndrica, B. gymnorrhiza, Avicennia marina, A. alba, Excoecaria agallocha, Xylocarpus granatum, and X. Muloccensis. Importance Value Index (IVI) which is the highest for seedlings, saplings, and trees was found in Rhizophora apiculata. Dominance Index Value indicated that there was no concentration on one species but on several species. Diversity of species was low but even between species abundance. Distribution structure consisted of 3 distributions, namely Rhizophora, Avicennia, and Brugueirra. Keywords: Analysis Vegetation, Avicennia, Batu Ampar, Brugueirra, Rhizophora.

Nesting Ecology and Habitat Preference of the Masked Finfoot (Heliopais personatus) in Sundarbans, Bangladesh

Abstract: The Masked Finfoot (Heliopais personatus) has a global population estimated at 1,000 individuals, but very little is known about its ecology. Therefore, the nesting ecology of the Masked Finfoot was studied in the Sundarbans of Bangladesh between 2011 and 2014, and compared to nesting observations from the same area made in 2004. A total of 25 nests were detected in 2011–2014: 56% (n = 14) on blinding mangrove (Excoecaria agallocha), 36 % (n = 9) on sundri (Heritiera fomes) and 8% (n = 2) on cannonball mangrove (Xylocarpus granatum). Factor analysis revealed that 2004 nest characteristics differed from subsequent years. The 2011–2014 nests were built on the periphery of vegetation along narrow creeks of 12.66 ± 3.54 m and located 1.78 ± 0.53 m above water level at high tide. Diameter of nesting tree (2004 = 16.68 ± 5.82, 2011–2014 = 34.19 ± 3.96), nest depth (2004 =16.88 ± 3.09, 2011–2014 = 13.28 ± 3.32) and creek width (2004 = 21.26 ± 9.09, 2011–2014 =12.66 ± 3.54) was significantly different between 2004 and 2011–2014. Reasons for changes in nesting locations are important to determine given the conservation status of the species and altering conditions in the Sundarbans.

In vitro analysis of ornithine decarboxylase inhibitory activity of the extracts of excoecaria agallocha l.

Abstract: Objective: Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is one of the key enzymes involved in polyamine synthesis that has a prominent regulatory role in cell growth in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Its regulation/inhibition is a potential means of controlling cell growth. The purpose of the study was to check the effect of the methanol extracts of leaves and seeds of the mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha in controlling/inhibiting ODC enzyme produced by Escherichia coli. Methods: The methanol extracts of leaves and seeds of the mangrove plant E. agallocha were made. The inhibitory effect of the extracts on ODC enzyme produced by E. coli was tested by a modified spectrophotometric assay (measured in terms of µM of putrescine produced), and the antibacterial effect of the extract was determined by well diffusion assay. R esults: It was found that both the leaf and seed extracts inhibited ODC activity thereby preventing the conversion of ornithine to putrescine (the prominent by-product of ODC activity) in a concentration-dependent manner. The leaf extract exhibited 50% inhibition of ODC activity at a concentration of 17.5 µg/ml whereas seed extract inhibited 50% of the activity at a concentration of 16.1 µg/ml. In the growth inhibition assay by well diffusion method, the effect of the extracts on the growth of E. coli was studied and a concentration-dependent growth inhibition was found - 100 µl of leaf extract showed a zone of inhibition of 12.31 mm (diameter) and seed extract showed 12.64 mm, confirming the antibacterial activity of the extracts. C onclusion: The ODC inhibition-mediated growth inhibition of E. coli is a novel finding as far as the extracts of E. agallocha are concerned. The extract was potent enough to be suggested as an antibacterial agent. Ke ywords: Ornithine decarboxylase, Excoecaria agallocha , Escherichia coli , Ornithine decarboxylase inhibition, Putrescine, Ornithine, Antibacterial effect.

Biosynthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial activity of Silver nanoparticles of Excoecaria agallocha L. fruit extract

Abstract: In this present study, Excoecaria agallocha fruit aqueous extract was used to synthesize Silver Nano Particles (Ag NPs/SNPs) which has proven as eco-friendly, nontoxic, less time consuming and energy saving. The synthesized SNPs were characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, FTIR and SEM studies. The SNPs were checked for the antibacterial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The characterization studies clearly revealed the formation and synthesis of SNPs which also showed the inhibitory activity on the tested bacteria. SNPs of Excoecaria agallocha fruit showed higher zone of inhibition against Micrococcus luteus , Arthrobacter protophormiae , Rhodococcus rhodochrous , Bacillus subtilis , Alcaligens faecalis , Enterobacter aerogenes , Proteus mirabilis and Salmonella enterica when compared to that of standard antibiotic, Streptomycin.