Showing papers on "Expansionism published in 1988"

The division of the world, 1941-1955

Abstract: This book should be of interest to students of twentieth century history from introductory to research level. The text argues that neither "Soviet Expansionism" nor "American Imperialism" can be seen as the central factor of the Cold War.

MEND: A Nurturing Voice in The Nuclear Arms Debate

Abstract: While the argument about the meaning of nuclear weapons has been fluid and dynamic for the past forty years, it is fair to say that, at the present time, the prevailing definition of the nuclear situation is “deterrence policy.” Some of the fundamental premises of this doctrine are (1) that the Soviets are an unambiguous and non-negotiable threat to U.S. interests, (2) that Soviet expansionism must be contained, and (3) that nuclear weapons are designed to deter the Soviet Union from launching an attack on the United States or its allies. While the deterrence doctrine has obtained a dominant position, it is not the only voice in the nuclear conversation. In this paper, we report on the efforts of “Mothers Embracing Nuclear Disarmament” (MEND), an anti-nuclear group that is attempting to redefine the nuclear situation and reset the parameters of the conversation. MEND is challenging the techno-strategic assumptions of the deterrence doctrine by employing a nurturing discourse that insists mothers share a universal biological and spiritual bond that cuts across political boundaries. We report on the discourse strategies that MEND employs to gain ownership of the nuclear situation, the responses MEND has engendered from competing voices, and the contradictions that are emerging in the group's discourse. In the process, we counter the passive view of language that has predominated in the study of international relations with an essentially constitutive view of the role language plays in political action.

Science and Sovietology: Bridging the Methods Gap in Soviet Foreign Policy Studies

Abstract: Specialists in the study of Soviet foreign policy increasingly feel torn between the positivist culture of political science departments and the holistic traditions of the Soviet area-studies programs. In fact, these approaches are largely complementary. Examples taken from literature on Soviet security policy and on the domestic sources of Soviet expansionism show how positivist theories and methods can be used to clarify holist (or traditionalist) arguments, to sharpen debates, to suggest more telling tests, and to invigorate the field's research agenda.

The Bear and the Lion: Soviet Imperialism and Iran

Abstract: Introduction The Era of Tsarist Expansionism From the Russian Revolution to World War II The Second World War Period The Era of Muhammad Reza Shah The Era of the Ayatollahs Epilogue Bibliography Index

Defense Policy in the Reagan Administration

Abstract: : When the Reagan Administration entered office in 1981 detente of the 1970s had already ended. The military buildup initiated earlier by President Carter and soon to be expanded by President Reagan decisively reflected the gulf that had grown between the United States and Soviet Union. In the 1980 presidential campaign, Mr. Reagan had sounded the call to arms against what he viewed as a dire and immediate danger-an accelerating Soviet threat to America's national security. Detente was disastrous, he contended, because it ignored the realities of Soviet expansionism and failed to stop the shift in the balance of strategic nuclear power in favor of Moscow. To address these problems, Mr. Reagan promised a rapid buildup to US military forces and large increases in defense spending.

The McDougal-Lasswell Proposal to Build a World Public Order

Abstract: The January 1959 issue of this Journal carried the famous proposal by Myres S. McDougal and Harold D. Lasswell to build a world public order based on human dignity that would save the world from nuclear Armageddon and protect democratic values. The authors expressed the belief that the democratic countries were responding ineffectively to Marxist-Leninist expansionism because they appealed to international law rules and principles that were asserted or assumed to be universal but, in fact, did not have universal effectiveness. Two dangers existed, therefore: the universal triumph of totalitarianism or nuclear war between blocs led by the United States and the Soviet Union. The proposed world public order would make it possible to escape this horrendous dilemma.

Les ceremonies de la parole : l'eloquence d'apparat en france dans le dernier quart du dix-septieme siecle

Abstract: This thesis aims at defining the concept of ceremonial eloquence (eloquence d'apparat) on the basis of its manifestations in the academies, the judicial institutions, and the civic life in france at the end of the 17th century. The work accounts for the intuitive recognition of ceremonial similarities governing various oratorical practices. A physical setting richly decorated and specifically organized for an occasion,a selcect yet numerous public these are among the elements that re-inforce the work of rhetoric. Ceremonial discourse must adapt itself to the social context and must meet the aesthetic expectations of the public and the institution from which it springs. In ceremonial discourse, each institution finds the expression of its values and a self-satisfying image that permits it to proclaim its own grandeur. The man of letters, the parliamentarian and the municipal magistrate all seek to found their social privileges on the concept of professional merit. From the point of view of language and politics, paris and the provinces diverge, but they remain united in an ideology of expansionism of french culture.

Perspectives on Ecology: A Critical Essay

Abstract: Neo-Malthusian theory expansionism theory of eco-development radical ecology ecology according to Gorz Leiss' critical theory of human needs.

The Origin and Prevention of Major Wars: The Origins of World War II in Europe: British Deterrence Failure and German Expansionism

Abstract: The Origins of World War II in Europe: British Deterrence Failure and German Expansionism Explanations of the origins of World War II tend to emphasize either deliberate, if failed, choices or inexorable processes. The first view indicts Adolf Hitler's aggrandizing choices and preference for violence, and questions the judgment and strategy of the appeasers, personified, correctly or not, by Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain. The second view broadens the focus, pointing to secular changes in relative power between states; to the relation between states' commitments and their ability to uphold and protect them; and to domestic, economic, and cultural dynamics that individually, or in combination, predisposed the situation to conflict. Attention to both dimensions is necessary to appreciate Britain's strategy as the central axis of diplomacy and rivalry with Germany in the 1930s and to distill the "lessons" of the origins of the war.

Olive Schreiner: Literature and the Politics of Power

Abstract: As that far-flung empire on which the sun never set reached its greatest glory, many Victorians assumed that science and technology would bestow ever more bountiful blessings and that progress had been transformed from an abstract aspiration to a pragmatic schedule. Possibly no High Victorian statement on the course of empire had as great an influence on privileged youth or distilled the essence of nineteenth-century expansionism as effectively as John Ruskin's Oxford Inaugural Lecture on art (1870). In his peroration, Ruskin called upon the young men of England to propagate the values of race and culture throughout the benighted places of the globe:

The Missionary Syndrome: Crusader and Pacific Northwest Religious Expansionism

Abstract: The search for medieval parallels and for medieval roots in New World history has become a fascinating genre. My own university has produced one of the major figures in this field, Lynn White, Jr., and has recently honored another, Luis Weckmann. With the Columbus centennial rushing toward us, we may expect more exercises in their spirit. Such an approach is not farfetched or whimsical. We are the heirs of medieval technology and mentalities. In both, as White has reminded us, the United States may be "closer to the Middle Ages than is Europe." And the great historian Shelomo Goitein, after spending most of his working life in pre-Nazi Germany and then in Israel, upon moving to the United States was startled to recognize the medieval flavor of our social structures and mentalities; as a lifelong student of the Middle Ages, he found that "one feels quite at home" here.2 Our modem nation is more deeply rooted in the distant past than most Americans suspect. This genre can be fruitful especially on two levels: to further Comparative Studies in Society and History (to borrow the title of an eminent journal), where parallels catch the eye, and also to lend insight into remote influences that may actually have originated or shaped our moder responses. Parallels and continuities between our Pacific Northwest history and the medieval experience have often caught my eye. I began my professional career as a student of the epic confrontation between Indian and white in the Pacific Northwest from 1830 to 1890, attracted particularly by dimensions of

Armed Forces on a Northern Frontier: The Military in Alaska's History, 1867-1987

Abstract: Expansionism and the Politics of Expediency Explorers and Diplomats The Gold Rush Army From the Klondike to Pearl Harbor Rising Sun in the North Gibraltar of the North

Stalin, the Politburo, and the Onset of the Cold War, 1945-1946

Abstract: The precise function that Marxist-Leninist ideology serves in the formation and conduct of Soviet foreign policy remains a highly contentious question among Western scholars. In the first postwar year, however, few senior officials or Soviet specialists in the West doubted that Communist ideology served as the constitutive element of Soviet foreign policy. Indeed, the militant revival of Marxism-Leninism after the Kremlin had downplayed it during 'The Great Patriotic War" proved to be an important factor in the complex of causes that led to the breakup of the Grand Alliance. Moscow's revival of that ideology in 1945 prompted numerous top-level Western leaders and observers to regard it as heralding a new wave of Soviet world-revolutionary messianism and expansionism. Many American and British officials were even alarmed by the claim, renewed, for example, in Moscow's official History of Diplomacy, that Soviet diplomacy possessed a "scientific theory," a "weapon" possessed by none of its rivals or opponents. This "weapon," Marxism-Leninism, Moscow ominously boasted, enabled Soviet leaders to comprehend, foresee, and master the course of international affairs, smoothing the way for Soviet diplomacy to make exceptional gains since 1917. Now, in the postwar period, Stalinist diplomacy opened before the Soviet Union "boundless horizons and the most majestic prospects."

The dual-image of the Japanese emperor

Abstract: Conflicting images of the Emperor in the American State Department British views of the Japanese Emperor the Institute for Pacific relations on the Emperor system - a Canadian view Australia and Japan's "Sacred Destiny" to rule the world the Chinese people and the military expansionism of Japan the "key" for Japan's surrender occupation policy and the Emperor system.

Economic and Social Foundations of Egyptian Expansionism: The Invasion of Syria in 1831

Abstract: (1988). Economic and Social Foundations of Egyptian Expansionism: The Invasion of Syria in 1831. The International History Review: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 378-404.

Angola: The Present Opportunity

Abstract: As remote and improbable a venue for a crisis in American foreign policy as Quemoy or the Gulf of Tonkin, Angola (1975) came to assume a Munich-like symbolism in the calculations of Americans who perceived a threat of Soviet expansionism into the third world during the latter years of the Brezhnev era. Smarting from a political/military shutout in Angola that came on the heels of a humiliating American exodus from Saigon, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger pointed to Angola as the “principal” cause of a deterioration in U.S.-Soviet relations. Subsequent policy confrontations over Ethiopia, Afghanistan, Nicaragua and Cambodia reinforced this perception of Angola as the beginning of the end of detente.

The Chinese People and the Military Expansionism of Japan

Abstract: This chapter deals with the views of the Chinese who suffered at the hands of the Japanese for nearly fifteen years, from the 1931 Manchurian Incident, through the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War in 1937, and finally to the defeat of Japan in 1945. In particular I will examine Chinese views of Japanese military expansionism, especially as it relates to the question of the emperor system.

Expansionism : new forms of old conflicts for us maritime labour unions

Abstract: This paper analyses the new round of conflict that has recently emerged among US maritime laour unions. The implications of the ‘top to bottom’ union, which appears to be the new form of union, are also discussed.